二、主語和主語補(bǔ)語的一致

主語和主語補(bǔ)語的一致主要表現(xiàn)在數(shù)的方面。在大多數(shù)情況下，主語和主語補(bǔ)語在數(shù)的方面應(yīng)該是一致的：

Both Jimmy and Jackson are graduate students.

The deer is a shy（怕人的，易受驚的）animal.

但有時(shí)，主語和主語補(bǔ)語的數(shù)也會(huì)不一致，表現(xiàn)在以下兩種情況：

1　主語為復(fù)數(shù)而主語補(bǔ)語則為單數(shù)形式。

在這種句子中，主語補(bǔ)語采取單數(shù)形式是為了表示一個(gè)整體概念，有時(shí)候某些單數(shù)形式的主語補(bǔ)語在意義上相當(dāng)于形容詞：

Tomatoes are a vegetable.［表示整體概念］

Evening classes are a constructive idea.［同上］

My wife and children are my sole care.［同上］

Your letters are always a delight. (a delight=delightful)

Good manners are a rarity among young people nowaday.［a rarity=rare極少見的］

2　主語為單數(shù)而主語補(bǔ)語卻為復(fù)數(shù)形式。

這時(shí)，主要取決于句意：

My principal anxiety is my aged parents.

The cargo is potatoes.

The chief trouble here in summer is mosquitoes that swarm about you in the evening.

The room is magazines and pens. 這房間里到處都是雜志和筆。

Jack is pals with Mary. 杰克和瑪麗是朋友。

在下列固定詞組中，主語和主語補(bǔ)語在數(shù)上不一致，但符合英語習(xí)慣用法：

Two soldiers stand（或mount）guard（站崗）at the entrance.［在stand/mount guard習(xí)語中，guard總是用單數(shù)，無冠詞］

Two birds fell (a) prey to the cats（為貓所食）.

Two of the campers stood sentinel（守衛(wèi)）while the others slept.［stand sentinel也是習(xí)慣用語，sentinel用單數(shù)，無冠詞］

He/They turned traitor under the enemys severe torture. 在敵人的嚴(yán)刑拷打下，他/他們成了叛徒。［turn traitor是習(xí)慣用語，不管主語是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，主語補(bǔ)語traitor總是用單數(shù)，無冠詞。如把此句中的turned改為became，則應(yīng)說：He became a traitor...或They became traitors...］

再如：

Women have eyes for fashion. 女人對(duì)時(shí)裝很感興趣。

Tom made faces at her. 湯姆向她做鬼臉。

Many fall victim. 許多人都成了受害者。［不用victims］

They are always the victor. 他們總是贏家。［不用victors］

He is shipmates with you. 他和你同乘一條船。

I am quits with you. 我們兩清了。

三、代詞的一致

代詞一致是指句中代詞應(yīng)與它所照應(yīng)的名詞詞組在數(shù)、性、人稱等方面彼此保持一致。

Robert and Henry havent made up their minds yet.

I bought a fridge. It is of American make.

I have two fridges. They are both of American make.

?? 當(dāng)everyone，everybody，no one，nobody，anyone，anybody，someone，somebody用作主語時(shí)，其相應(yīng)的代詞在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化考試中按語法一致的原則采取單數(shù)形式。

Everyone had his say at the meeting. 大家都在會(huì)上發(fā)了言。

Everybody looks after himself.

No one has yet availed himself of this offer.

Anyone who fails (=fails in) the driving test will not be able to get his license.

例　Everyone in the audience kept_____eyes focused on the curtain behind which Layton had taken refuge.

A. his

B. their

C. its

D. her

［答案：A］

但在現(xiàn)代日常用語中，因everyone，everybody，anyone，anybody統(tǒng)指男女兩性，已改用復(fù)數(shù)代詞，聽起來更合理，更合英語表達(dá)習(xí)慣。在當(dāng)今的英語考試中也采用復(fù)數(shù)形式，諸如英國的《COBUILD等英漢雙解詞典》已采用這一復(fù)數(shù)代詞的指代法。例如：

Everybody knows what they have to do.

If anybody calls while Im out shopping, tell them to call back this evening.

?? everything，anything，something，nothing等不定代詞作主語時(shí)，句中相應(yīng)的代詞一概用單數(shù)形式。

Everything is ready, isnt it?

Something strange happened yesterday, didnt it?

?? 當(dāng)代詞所指的對(duì)象為并列結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)按并列結(jié)構(gòu)的意義來決定。

The old woman and her daughter managed to support themselves by being babysitters.［老婦人和女兒是兩人，故代詞用themselves］

The owner and the captain refused to abandon their sinking ship.［船主和船長是兩個(gè)人，故代詞所有格用their］

The owner and captain refused to abandon his sinking ship.［船主兼船長是指一個(gè)人，故代詞所有格用his］

I bought bread and butter at the supermarket, and they cost four dollars.［面包和黃油，這里指兩件東西，故代詞用they］

I like bread and butter, and this is my favorite food for breakfast.［這里指涂有黃油的面包，是一種東西，故代詞用this］

最后需要加以說明的是，一致性的處理在正式文體及非正式文體中往往不一致；這種情況在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中是一個(gè)很普遍的現(xiàn)象。譬如說本章中曾講到由連詞or，either...or...，neither...nor...等連接的并列主語，通常根據(jù)就近原則，要求謂語動(dòng)詞與最靠近的并列主語保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致，也就是說，最靠近的主語是單數(shù)時(shí)動(dòng)詞也用單數(shù)，最靠近的主語是復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)動(dòng)詞也用復(fù)數(shù)。本章節(jié)曾列舉五組實(shí)例相互比較從而說明這一根據(jù)就近原則在數(shù)方面的一致性用法。但日常的非正式文體中由or，either...or...，neither...nor...等連接的并列主語也可根據(jù)意義一致的原則采用復(fù)數(shù)形式的動(dòng)詞。如：

Reward or punishment are［正式文體用is］meted out quite independent of human interference.

If either Arther or Lucy come［正式文體用comes］, they［正式文體用he or she］will want a cold drink.

Neither she nor her husband have［正式文體用has］any idea of it.

鑒于國內(nèi)外標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化考試中的結(jié)構(gòu)部分均以正式文體為準(zhǔn)則，作者著重按正式文體的要求來處理一致性這一語言現(xiàn)象。

四、并列（又稱平行排比）結(jié)構(gòu)中成分宜保持一致性

在日常英語寫作中，長句、復(fù)合句、三項(xiàng)排比、非謂語等的運(yùn)用比比皆是，這時(shí)就要求作者在語法結(jié)構(gòu)等方面做到前后對(duì)應(yīng)，保持一致，以此使句子保持平衡和協(xié)調(diào)。此技巧掌握得好，定能使自己寫出的句子對(duì)仗工整、氣勢磅礴。

The students task is reading English, speaking English and listening to English. 學(xué)生的任務(wù)就是讀英語，說英語，聽英語。

Comment is often made about activities which are relatively easy and satisfying, like arranging flowers; but not about jobs which are hard and dirty, like scrubbing floors.［兩個(gè)about都是修飾comment］那些相對(duì)輕松和討好的活兒，例如插花，就更容易獲得人們的評(píng)論；但是像擦地板這樣又苦又臟的工作卻不予置評(píng)。

The instrument has been welcomed by users because of its stability in serviceability, reliability in operation and simplicity in maintenance. 該儀器性能穩(wěn)定，操作可靠，維修方便，因而受到用戶歡迎。

另外，結(jié)構(gòu)成分的一致除了并列結(jié)構(gòu)外，還有比較結(jié)構(gòu)、排比結(jié)構(gòu)等。

Exercises

一、多項(xiàng)選擇

1. The data_____arrived just in time.

A. has

B. have

C. have been

D. has been

2. George is one of the brightest students who_____from New York University.

A. is graduated

B. has graduated

C. have graduated

D. had graduated

3. Almost immediately_____flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada.

A. a word

B. words

C. the word

D. word

4. The team_____preparing for its big game.

A. were

B. are

C. have been

D. is

5. I want to have two_____.

A. scissors

B. sets of scissors

C. pieces of scissors

D. pairs of scissors

6. Anybody_____knows anything know this.

A. who

B. not

C. doesnt

D. that

7. Each bus and tram_____with colored lights.

A. is decorated

B. are decorated

C. decorates

D. decorated

8. Nebraska has floods in some years, _____.

A. in others drought

B. droughts are others

C. while other droughts

D. others in drought

9. Commercial expansion from city to suburb has affected the way people in the United States_____.

A. living and working

B. they live and work

C. live and work

D. to live and to work

10. Before linoleum was invented in 1860, _____hard-wearing, easy-to-clean flooring.

A. any house did not have

B. no house have

C. no house had any

D. any house had not

11. Tom is so poor that even five dollars_____a big sum to him.

A. is

B. are

C. add

D. equal

12. Part of the books_____arrived.

A. is

B. have

C. was

D. has

13. The office staff_____gathered to hear the President speak.

A. is

B. are

C. be

D. will

14. The wheel and axle_____a rotating lever.

A. is

B. was

C. are

D. were

15. No sulfur and no phosphorus（磷）_____present in this product.

A. are

B. were

C. will

D. is

二、用is/are，was/were，has/have或does/do填空

1. Nothing but two empty bottles_____been found in the victims bedroom.

2. A large number of cattle_____slaughtered for meat every day.

3. Industry, not ability, _____the key to success.

4. One-third of the guests_____left.

5. One-third of the land_____cultivatable.

6. Stealing cars_____a common crime nowadays.

7. Our football team_____won the match.

8. The enemy_____been driven out of the country.

9. A vase filled with camellias_____placed on the table.

10. There_____lots of useful information in this article.

11. Three times one_____three.

12. What worries the people there_____disease and famine.

13. There_____a pan, a pencil and two dictionaries on the desk.

14. The number of cars in Tokyo_____increasing every year.

15. A black and white kitten_____found in the garden yesterday.

16. They say riches_____wings.（人們說財(cái)富易散。）

17. Collecting stamps_____my favorite hobby when I was a boy.

18. The long and the short of the matter_____that they both incurred heavy losses.

19. A summons_____been sent to the witness.

20. There_____one or two apples left in the basket.

Keys

一、多項(xiàng)選擇

1.［B］data是datum（材料）的復(fù)數(shù)形式，故用have。

2.［C］題句中關(guān)系代詞who不指one，而是指復(fù)數(shù)名詞students，“graduated（或be graduated)from＋校名”表示“畢業(yè)于……學(xué)?！薄ｎ}句中未提供明確時(shí)間，一般宜用現(xiàn)在完成體，故選C。A項(xiàng)中之is改are便可。

3.［D］word用作單數(shù)時(shí)前不用冠詞，作“news；information”解，如：Finally word came that they had arrived there safely.（最后傳來了他們已安全到達(dá)那里的消息。）本題意指“消息馬上出現(xiàn)在計(jì)算機(jī)國際互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上并被北半球加拿大安樂死權(quán)利協(xié)會(huì)執(zhí)行主席John Hofsess所檢索?！?/p>

4.［D］題句中出現(xiàn)的its指team；顯然，集體名詞team這里表示整體，不是表示team中的各個(gè)成員，故選D。題中之game指成為打獵目標(biāo)的野生鳥獸，系不可數(shù)名詞。如要表示“一頭獵物”，該用a head of game。

5.［D］two pairs of scissors兩把剪刀，合句意。

6.［A］在everybody，everyone，anybody，anyone，somebody，someone等詞后面宜用who（用作從句中主語），whom（用作從句中賓語），不用that。如When I entered, they were talking about somebody whom I didnt know.（whom作know的賓語）/Is there anyone here who knows Spanish?（who作know之主語）

7.［A］Each bus and tram或Each bus and each tram都接單數(shù)動(dòng)詞，every用法和each相同。

8.［A］in others=in other years。題句意指“在有些年份Nebraska發(fā)生水災(zāi)，在有些年份則發(fā)生旱災(zāi)?！逼溆嘟圆缓险Z法。題中之drought也可用作不可數(shù)名詞，如areas of Africa affected by drought（遭受旱災(zāi)的一些非洲地區(qū)）。

9.［C］the way people in the United States live and work=the way in which（或the way that）people in the United States live and work。

10.［C］題句的主句缺主謂，故選C。A項(xiàng)在語法上尚可，但不合英語的習(xí)慣表達(dá)法，在帶有no，nothing，any，anything的句子里，按習(xí)慣用法應(yīng)采用“主語否定，謂語肯定”這一結(jié)構(gòu)形式來表示否定的意思。如“這項(xiàng)工作一個(gè)人是干不了的?！痹谟⒄Z中不能說“Anybody cannot do the job alone.”應(yīng)說“Nobody can do the job alone.”因此，A項(xiàng)不妥。linoleum：油地氈。

11.［A］five dollars作“整體”概念考慮。

12.［B］Part of...=A part of...；Part of接復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí)便采用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞，接單數(shù)名詞時(shí)則采用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。

13.［B］staff作“全體工作人員”解，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。

14.［A］在機(jī)械學(xué)中wheel和axle指“輪軸”，系整體，故接單數(shù)動(dòng)詞is。

15.［D］

二、用is/are，was/were，has/have或does/do填空

1. has。主語nothing是單數(shù)。

2. are。cattle指牛的總稱，接復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。表示“一頭?！睍r(shí)用a herd of cattle，表示“30頭?！睍r(shí)用thirty head of cattle，head不能用復(fù)數(shù)。

3. is。industry在這里的意思是“勤奮”。

4. have。組合數(shù)詞后面的介詞接復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí)，便采用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞，接單數(shù)名詞便采用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。如：One-third of the money is hers.

5. is。（同上）。

6. is。因主語是動(dòng)名詞短語。

7. has。team這里指足球隊(duì)表示整體。

8. have。the enemy用作集體名詞時(shí)指敵軍，單復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞都可接，但復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞更為常見。

9. is。

10. is。lots of系修飾詞，主語系單數(shù)名詞information。

11. is。

12. is。這句結(jié)構(gòu)也可在數(shù)上略為變動(dòng)，改為what worry（復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞）the people there are（復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞）disease and famine。

13. is/are。按包括TOEFL在內(nèi)的傳統(tǒng)英語的要求，應(yīng)用are，但現(xiàn)代英語和當(dāng)前標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化考試都傾向用is，因第一個(gè)主語pen前有a。

14. is。the number of接復(fù)數(shù)名詞，但采用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。a number of接復(fù)數(shù)名詞和復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。

15. was。a black and white kitten指一只黑白間色的貓，a black and a white kitten則指兩只小貓，一只黑、一只白。

16. have。

17. was。

18. is。The long and (the) short of the matter（第二個(gè)the也可省略）意指“這件事情的要點(diǎn)或主要意思”，后接單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。

19. has。summons是復(fù)數(shù)形式的單數(shù)名詞，作“傳票”解，后接單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。

20. are。主語apples是復(fù)數(shù)。

第六章　動(dòng)詞

一、不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞

英語動(dòng)詞有規(guī)則動(dòng)詞和不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞之分。規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去式和過去分詞形式相同，如walk（散步），walked，walked。但不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的這兩種形式卻往往不相同，如bite（咬），bit，bitten。然而也有一些不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞，它們的過去式和過去分詞同它們的原形一樣，如hit（打擊），hit，hit。

英語的不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞，雖然看來是個(gè)簡單的語言現(xiàn)象，卻不可掉以輕心，因它們同英語的時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、分詞和合成詞都有密切關(guān)系，可說是基礎(chǔ)的基礎(chǔ)。故標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化考試?？歼@一語言現(xiàn)象。

例　Pickling（腌漬）of foods (A) begun (B) in prehistoric (C) times (D).

［分析］B孤零零地用了過去分詞形式，顯然是錯(cuò)的。句子表達(dá)的是過去的意思，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用過去式began。

例　Tons (A) of boulders were leaved (B) scattered by glaciers all over (C) what was to become the New England landscape (D).

［分析］leave系不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞，它的過去式和過去分詞均為left，故應(yīng)把B改為left，與前面的動(dòng)詞were構(gòu)成過去時(shí)被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

二、特殊連系動(dòng)詞

除了系動(dòng)詞be即am，is，are，was，were之外，還有其他一些動(dòng)詞，它們后面不是跟副詞而是跟形容詞或名詞作為表語。在語法結(jié)構(gòu)上，這些動(dòng)詞因所起的作用和系動(dòng)詞be一樣，故稱特殊連系動(dòng)詞。例如，英美人不說“The air has suddenly grown coldly.”而是說“The air has suddenly grown cold.”因grow有時(shí)用作特殊連系動(dòng)詞。

例　It is prohibited by law to mail through parcel post any merchandise that might prove_____in transport.

A. dangerous

B. with danger

C. dangerously

D. to the danger

［分析］在上題的定語從句中動(dòng)詞prove系特殊連系動(dòng)詞，后面不能跟副詞來修飾，須接形容詞作為其主語that的表語，故應(yīng)選A。

1. 特殊連系動(dòng)詞的分類

1　表示一個(gè)特征或狀態(tài)。

這類動(dòng)詞有feel，look，sound，taste，smell，appear等：

His argument does not sound very reasonable.

The perfume smells nice.

These apples look ripe.

The milk tastes sour.

The sun feels good. 陽光宜人。

The verdict appears just. 判決看來很公正。

2　表示由一種狀態(tài)進(jìn)入或轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榱硪环N狀態(tài)。

這類動(dòng)詞有become, grow, get, turn, fall, go, come, run等：

Our technique is becoming increasingly specialized. 我們的技術(shù)正在變得越來越專業(yè)化。

Stop it; he is getting drunk. 別再這樣搞了，他快喝醉啦。

The engine runs hot. 引擎發(fā)燙了。

I regret that my question goes unanswered. 很遺憾，我的問題未得到答復(fù)。

He turned nasty when he found he had been ripped off. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)被人“斬”后大為光火。

His mouth fell open（變得張口結(jié)舌）when the police questioned him.

You will grow used to the life style here in course of time. 日子久了你會(huì)習(xí)慣這里的生活方式的。

Your shoelaces have come undone. 你的鞋帶散了。

3　表示保持某種狀態(tài)。

這類動(dòng)詞有continue, keep, remain, prove, turn out, stay, sit, lie, stand等：

He eats much but remains thin. 他吃得很多，可依舊很瘦。

The stock market continued bullish for as long as two years. 股市繼續(xù)保持牛市行情達(dá)兩年之久。

We can keep abreast of what is going on by reading the newspaper. 通過讀報(bào)我們便能跟上形勢發(fā)展。［注意：abreast這里是形容詞］

The boy will turn out (to be) a marvellous man. 那男孩將成為一個(gè)了不起的人。

She stayed (=remained) single all her life.

The new method proved efficient.

Monica sat motionless, waiting for the interview.

Gilbert is still lying（lie之現(xiàn)在分詞）awake.

I stand innocent of any wrong. 我未做錯(cuò)任何事。

2. 特殊連系動(dòng)詞的固定搭配

blush crimson/red 羞得臉通紅

The girl blushed crimson when her boyfriend kissed her in the presence of his friends（當(dāng)著他朋友的面）.

break free/loose 掙脫；迸發(fā)

In the sweeping economic reform, peoples creativity is breaking loose. 在勢不可擋的經(jīng)濟(jì)改革中，人們的創(chuàng)造性正在迸發(fā)出來。

come easy 變得容易

Skill comes easy through constant practice. 技藝熟能生巧。

come loose/undone 松掉

Some of the pages have come loose. 有幾張書頁松脫了。

come right 沒問題

Dont worry. Everything will come right in the end. 船到橋頭自會(huì)直。

come true（預(yù)言、期望、夢想等）實(shí)現(xiàn)；成為事實(shí)

I wonder whether the prophecy（預(yù)言）will come true.

cut loose 擺脫

The boy left home and cut loose from his parents control. 該男孩離開了家，擺脫了父母的控制。

fall asleep 入睡

The child fell asleep just now. 這孩子剛睡著。

fall due 到期

The rent falls（或comes）due tomorrow; dont forget to pay it.

fall flat 完全失?。贿_(dá)不到預(yù)期效果

The project fell flat. 該項(xiàng)目完全失敗了。

The speakers joke fell flat on the audience. 講話人的笑話沒有能使聽眾感到好笑。

fall short 未中標(biāo)；達(dá)不到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或要求

The arrow fell short of the target. 箭未射中目標(biāo)。

Supply falls short of demand. 供不應(yīng)求。

go bald（頭發(fā)）變禿

I started to go bald at about 40. 我40歲左右開始禿頂。

go bad（食物等）變質(zhì)

Food goes bad easily in summer.

go crazy/mad 發(fā)瘋；著迷

Mike has gone crazy (mad); there is no doubt about it. 邁克發(fā)瘋了，這是毫無疑問的。

The girls all went crazy (mad) over the film star. 姑娘們都為該電影明星神魂顛倒。

go dead（電話）中斷；（電池）電用完

The telephone suddenly went dead in the middle of our talk.

go easy 省著點(diǎn)吃……；放（某人）一碼（后接介詞on）

There is not much cocoa left; lets go easy on it. 可可粉不多了，咱們省著點(diǎn)喝吧。

As you are a teenager, well go easy on you. 因你是個(gè)十幾歲的孩子，我們就放你一碼算啦。

go sour（牛奶等）變酸

I forgot to put the milk back in the fridge; it has gone sour.

go white（臉色，頭發(fā)）發(fā)白

My father went white（頭發(fā)變白）at the age of 40.

go wrong 走入歧途；弄錯(cuò)；不如意

People help teenage boys and girls who have gone wrong. 人們幫助失足的男女青少年。

You cant go wrong in buying this bargain. 買這個(gè)便宜貨你錯(cuò)不了。

Something went wrong today. 今天事事不稱心。

lie awake 躺著醒著

He has not gone to sleep yet（尚未睡著）; he is still lying awake.

lie waste（土地）未被開墾

Large areas lie waste for lack of manpower. 由于缺少人力，大片空地未得到開墾。

rest easy 放心

You can rest easy. 你們盡可放心。

rest assured（指對(duì)……）放心（后接of)

You can rest assured of our best cooperation. 你們請(qǐng)放心，我們會(huì)給予最佳合作。

rest content 對(duì)……很滿意（后接with）

I rest content with my life at present. 我對(duì)目前的生活心滿意足。

ring false 聽起來不真實(shí)；聽聲音像假貨［反義詞組為ring true］

Their statement rang false. 他們的陳述聽起來不真實(shí)。

These coins ring false. 這些錢幣聽聲音像是假貨。

ring hollow 聽上去空泛泛

The promises made by that friend of yours ring hollow. 你那位朋友所許下的種種諾言聽上去都是泛泛空話。

run dry 干涸

The well has run dry. 這井已干涸。

run mad=go mad

run hot 發(fā)燙

The engine is running hot. 引擎在發(fā)燙了。

run rampant（植物）蔓生；（謠言等）四處傳開

The rich soil has made the plants run rampant. 肥沃的土壤使植物十分繁茂。

Gossip has run rampant. 流言已四處傳開。

run wild 變得荒蕪；失去控制或約束；

The garden has run wild. 花園荒蕪了。

Ivy ran wild all over that old house. 常青藤爬滿那幢舊房子。

Dont let your children run wild. 別把孩子寵得毫無管束。

wear smooth 磨得光滑

Constant treading has worn the cobbled street smooth. 人們經(jīng)常踩踏，已把這條石子路磨得很光滑。

wear thin 磨薄，穿/用??；慢慢失去；失去吸引力

The soles of these shoes have worn very thin. 這雙鞋底已穿得非常薄了。

My patience began to wear thin during the long wait. 在長時(shí)間的等待中我漸漸變得不耐煩了。

A joke heard too often can wear thin. 笑話重復(fù)太多便會(huì)失去吸引力。

wear hollow 使耗成空殼

This tooth of yours is almost worn hollow. 你這顆牙幾乎給蛀空了。

3. 特殊連系動(dòng)詞與實(shí)義動(dòng)詞

有些特殊連系動(dòng)詞也可用作一般實(shí)義動(dòng)詞；這樣用時(shí)含義有所不同，它們應(yīng)和副詞一起用，而且不能再接形容詞。試比較：

The accident appeared impossible. 這個(gè)意外事件看來似乎是不可能的。

Betty suddenly appeared in the doorway. 貝蒂突然出現(xiàn)在門口。

Anthony looks angry. 安東尼看來在發(fā)火。

Anthony is looking at you angrily. 安東尼在發(fā)怒地看著你。

The soup tastes wonderful. 這湯嘗起來味道極佳。

I tasted the soup suspiciously. 我懷疑地嘗一嘗這湯。

My skin feels rough. 我的皮膚摸起來很粗糙。

The doctor felt my arm carefully. 醫(yī)生很當(dāng)心地摸弄著我手臂。

在上面四組例句中，每組第一句中的動(dòng)詞系特殊連系動(dòng)詞，后跟形容詞；在第二句中該動(dòng)詞用作一般實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，意義也有所改變，故為副詞所修飾。

4. 表層結(jié)構(gòu)和深層結(jié)構(gòu)在特殊連系動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)中的應(yīng)用

有時(shí)，一個(gè)非及物動(dòng)詞后面不跟副詞而是接形容詞或名詞，例如：

The day dawned misty.［動(dòng)詞dawned后面接形容詞misty，不跟副詞mistily］

Eloise left a child, and came back a mother of three children.［動(dòng)詞left和動(dòng)詞詞組came back后面均跟名詞］

從表層結(jié)構(gòu)看，上列兩個(gè)例句中似乎都有問題，第一例句中的misty應(yīng)改為mistily，第二例中的不及物動(dòng)詞left和不及物動(dòng)詞詞組came back后面都跟名詞令人費(fèi)解。但當(dāng)我們對(duì)上列兩個(gè)例句的表層結(jié)構(gòu)深入下去后，便可發(fā)現(xiàn)它們的深層結(jié)構(gòu)：

The day dawned. It was misty.

Eloise left. She was a child. She came back. She was a mother of three Children.

在上列兩個(gè)深層結(jié)構(gòu)中，代詞it指the day，即兩個(gè)主語相同，it后面又有系動(dòng)詞was;在符合這兩個(gè)條件的情況下，兩句便可合并形成表層結(jié)構(gòu)：The day dawned misty.在這一表層結(jié)構(gòu)中，動(dòng)詞dawned的性質(zhì)已由一般動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榘胂祫?dòng)詞（semi-link verb）。同樣地，在上面第二個(gè)深層結(jié)構(gòu)中三個(gè)代詞she指的都是Eloise，四個(gè)主語指的是同一個(gè)人，第2和第4句中又都有系動(dòng)詞was，故合并成這一表層結(jié)構(gòu)：Eloise left a child and came back a mother of three children. 當(dāng)然，動(dòng)詞left和動(dòng)詞詞組came back在這一表層結(jié)構(gòu)中也都變?yōu)榘胂祫?dòng)詞。這種帶有半系動(dòng)詞的表層結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)也應(yīng)用在寫作中，如：

Robert went home disappointed［不用disappointedly，因深層結(jié)構(gòu)為Robert went home. He was disappointed.］

Geoffrey and Gerald parted the best of friends.［此句的深層結(jié)構(gòu)為Geoffrey and Gerald parted. They were the best of friends. 第二句中的They指代Geoffrey和Gerald，后面有系動(dòng)詞were，故可合并成表層結(jié)構(gòu)。］

再如：

The man jumped into the water to save the drowning boy. He was fully clothed.便可合并成表層結(jié)構(gòu)：The man jumped fully clothed into the water to save the drowning boy. 那男子沒有脫衣服就跳進(jìn)水里去救那溺水的男孩。

唐朝詩人賀知章的名詩《回鄉(xiāng)偶書》中的第一句“少小離家老大回”的英譯就可采用這一由深層結(jié)構(gòu)演化而來的表層結(jié)構(gòu)：

或

I left home young and came back old.

I left home a child and returned an old man.

下面是一例測試表層結(jié)構(gòu)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化考題，難度極大，90%以上的考生都失分：

例　Mrs. Robinoson stared at (A) the robber, and then (B) crumpled to (C) the floor unconsciously (D).

［分析］因題中第二部分系深層結(jié)構(gòu)，后面省去兩個(gè)she，即and then she crumpled to the floor; she was unconscious.第二個(gè)she后面有was，故可合并表層結(jié)構(gòu)she crumpled to the floor unconscious.故(D) unconsciously，錯(cuò)，改為unconscious。

中國人傳誦著一句名言“蓮出污泥而不染”來形容一個(gè)品格高的人處于逆境中而能潔身自好。這句名言漢譯英時(shí)宜用表層結(jié)構(gòu)。為便于讀者掌握，現(xiàn)分兩步處理：

第一步：Lotuses emerge from the filth. They are unstained.

第二步：They指代lotuses（兩個(gè)主語相同），后面出現(xiàn)系動(dòng)詞are，兩步便可合并為一步，成為表層結(jié)構(gòu)，即：

Lotuses emerge unstained from the filth.

三、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

1. can (could)和be able to用法上的區(qū)別

1　can可以表示能力，指某人具有某種知識(shí)和技能而能夠做到某事。can用于指現(xiàn)在，過去時(shí)則用could。

Can you speak English? 你能說英語嗎？

He said that he could do anything we wished. 他說他能做我們想要他做的任何事情。

但當(dāng)表示經(jīng)過艱苦努力而成功地做到或設(shè)法做到某事時(shí)要用be able to，而不用can。試比較下面兩例：

He couldnt drain the whole bottle of beer. 暗示他沒能力把整整一瓶啤酒一飲而盡，結(jié)果也未嘗試著去喝。

He was not able to drain the whole bottle of beer. 隱含他嘗試著去喝，但結(jié)果沒能一口氣喝完。

2　can表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)，無人稱和數(shù)的變化。be able to則不同，有人稱和數(shù)的變化，并可用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。

在表示意愿或準(zhǔn)許的含義時(shí)或在表示將來時(shí)的 if 從句或when從句中can也可表示將來，這一用法并不多見。

Can you translate this poem?［表現(xiàn)在］

Can you come to our party?［表意愿，相等于 will，指將來］

If you can help me with the work, I will buy you a gift. 你如能幫我干這工作，我定會(huì)買件禮物送你。［用在if從句中表將來時(shí)］

As you look so listless, you can take this afternoon off. 你看來精神很不濟(jì)，今天下午你就休息吧。［指將來，表準(zhǔn)許］

On graduation from college, I shall be able to fend for myself. 大學(xué)畢業(yè)后，我將能自力更生了。［表將來，這里不能用can。fend for oneself自謀生計(jì)］

注：① 表示“準(zhǔn)許”時(shí)，can可表示現(xiàn)在：We cant wear jeans at work. 我們上班時(shí)不準(zhǔn)穿牛仔褲。be able to 則不能用來表示準(zhǔn)許或許可，如: She said that I could（不能用I was able to）take any one of her books I wanted. 她說我可以拿她所有書中我要的任何一本書。

② 表示準(zhǔn)許或許可時(shí)，通常用can，不用could。

A: Could I use your bike for a while?［這里could表請(qǐng)求之意］

B: Yes, of course you can.［不用could，表許可］

The girl is too timid. She has not been able to get a licence so far. 這姑娘太膽怯，她至今還未能拿到駕駛證。［表現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)］

He told me that since the traffic accident, he had not been able to walk properly. 他告訴我，自那次交通事故后他一直未能正常行走。［表過去完成時(shí)］

3　could和was/were able to用法上的區(qū)別。

A. 表示時(shí)間跨度較大、籠統(tǒng)的過去時(shí)段中具備的能力時(shí) could和was (were) able to 可換用。

He could (was able to) swim across the Huangpu River when he was a kid. 他還是小孩子時(shí)就已能游過黃浦江了。

She was able to (could) sing like an angel when she was young. 她年輕時(shí)歌唱得能像天使般那樣動(dòng)聽。

B. 表示完成過去某一具體動(dòng)作時(shí)，只能用was (were) able to，不能用could。

After six hours climbing, we were able to reach the top of the mountain. 爬了6小時(shí)后，我們終于登上了山頂。［指過去某一次具體的爬山活動(dòng)］

He was a terrific liar；he could (was able to) make anybody believe him. 他是個(gè)說謊大王，能使任何人相信他的謊話。［這里anybody表示一個(gè)籠統(tǒng)的泛指概念，故could或was able都可用］

When I was younger, I was not able to (couldnt) decide what I wanted to do. 我年輕時(shí)拿不定主意自己要干什么事。［在否定結(jié)構(gòu)中 could和was(were) able to兩者都可用，無差別］

例　He could (A) climb to (B) the top of the (C) mountain in spite of (D) the snow.

［分析］上題題意是“盡管山上積雪，他還是爬上了山頂?！北硎就瓿蛇^去某一具體動(dòng)作時(shí)，只能用was(were) able to，故A項(xiàng)錯(cuò)，把could改為was able to。

從上面試題，可看出was (were) able to表示過去做成某具體事情的能力時(shí)，相等于 managed to do sth.或succeeded in doing sth.。由此可見，當(dāng)表示“經(jīng)過多年堅(jiān)持不懈的努力，她終于贏得了大獎(jiǎng)”時(shí)，便可說“After years of persistent efforts, she was able to win the grand prix.”［grand prix是“大獎(jiǎng)”；“大滿貫”則叫 the grand slam］

4　can和could的一些其他用法。

兩詞各種功能基本相同。除了could是can的過去式外，could比can更婉轉(zhuǎn)、客氣。

A. 表示可能性（指可以或了解做某事）。

表示可能性時(shí)常用于疑問句和否定句，但有時(shí)也用于肯定句和進(jìn)行時(shí)。如：

The story is sensational; it cant be (couldnt be) true, I think. 這報(bào)道聳人聽聞。我想這不可能是真的。［否定句］

He was living in Moscow when I last met him about five years ago. Can (could) he still be living there? 我上次約五年前碰到他時(shí)他正住在莫斯科。他可能還住在那里嗎？［疑問句，進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)］

We can (could) dine out tonight. 我們今晚可以在外面吃。［肯定句］

B. 表示婉轉(zhuǎn)的命令或批評(píng)。

You can (could) go and buy a packet of cigarettes. 你去買包香煙來。

You can (could) tidy up your room, Mike. 邁克，整理整理你的房間吧。

You can (could) be more careful at your work. 你工作要更細(xì)心些。

C. 表示偶爾會(huì)出現(xiàn)的一種反常態(tài)的表現(xiàn)。

It can (could) be very cold in May here. 這里五月份有時(shí)會(huì)非常冷。

Sometimes our manager can be very tactless in dealing with interpersonal relations. 有時(shí)我們的經(jīng)理在處理人際關(guān)系上會(huì)很不講究方式。

Man can (could) be more cruel than wild beasts. 人有時(shí)會(huì)比野獸更殘忍。

D. 用于修辭性問句。

修辭性問句以修辭手段表意而不需回答，借此表示某種情緒，如：Is that a reason for complaint? 難道那就是抱怨的理由嗎？can也用于日常的修辭性問句中，如：

He is never content with his lot.What on earth can satisfy him? 他從不知足。究竟什么能滿足他呢？［表不滿情緒］

Time is so pressing. How can I complete such a task single-handed? 時(shí)間這么緊，我獨(dú)自一人如何完成這樣的任務(wù)呢？［表難以辦到的畏難情緒］

以上兩例表示較為強(qiáng)烈的不滿及畏難情緒，can要比could更適宜些。

E.“can（或could) have+過去分詞”表示過去可能發(fā)生的事；“cannot（或could not）have+過去分詞”表示過去不可能發(fā)生的事。

The car and the van collided head-on in thick fog.Both drivers can (could) have been seriously hurt in the accident. 那輛小轎車和貨車在濃霧中迎面相撞，兩位駕駛員可能在那次交通事故中受了重傷。

My electronic calculator has disappeared.Who can（或could）have picked it up on the sly? 我的電子計(jì)算器不見了，誰會(huì)順手牽羊把它拿走呢？

He started early. He cant (couldnt) have missed the train. 他動(dòng)身很早，不可能誤車的。

注：① can (could) have+過去分詞也可用于完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，即can (could) have been+現(xiàn)在分詞，否定式也一樣。如：

They can (could) have been discussing the problem yesterday afternoon. 他們可能昨天下午一直在討論這問題。［肯定式］

They had two math classes yesterday morning, so they couldnt/cant have been playing table tennis all yesterday morning. 他們昨天早晨有兩節(jié)數(shù)學(xué)課，因此不可能整個(gè)上午都在打乒乓球。［否定式］

② could have+過去分詞表示原本可能的動(dòng)作。

You could have finished your thesis last week. 你原本可以在上星期完成你的論文的。

You could have passed the driving test, but you were too nervous. 你原本可以通過駕照考試的，但你太緊張了。

2. may和might

1　may表示“許可”，“可以”，用于陳述句、疑問句和否定句，它的過去式是might。

表“許可”時(shí)may和might要比can和could更正式，might和could則比may和can更婉轉(zhuǎn)、更有禮貌。如：

You may have some smoke here.［陳述句］

Students may not refer to books in the examination room. 學(xué)生在考場中不準(zhǔn)參考書本。［否定句］

Visitors may not walk on the grass in the garden. 參觀者不準(zhǔn)在花園的草地上行走。［否定句］

A: May I come around in the morning? 我上午來好嗎？［疑問句］

B: Yes, please do. 行，好的。

注：表肯定回答時(shí)，可用“yes, please do”或“yes, you may”（通常不用You might）。

2　回答問題表示“不許可”時(shí)可用cant或may not。

—Can I be excused from the meeting? 我可以不參加這個(gè)會(huì)嗎？

—No, you cant. 不，不行。

—May I use your dictionary for about two hours? 你的字典我可以用兩小時(shí)左右嗎？

—No, you may not. 不，不行。

3　may not也可表示“不許可”，表示該意思時(shí)，它的過去形式不是might not。試比較：

Ike may not go home right after school. He will have to finish yesterdays homework. ?？瞬粶?zhǔn)一放學(xué)馬上回家，他得補(bǔ)做昨天的作業(yè)。

Ike might not go home right after school. He will participate in the school orchestra rehearsal. ?？丝赡芤环艑W(xué)不會(huì)馬上回家，他要參加學(xué)校管弦樂隊(duì)的排練。

?? might not作為may not的過去式只能表示“不可能”，不能表示“不準(zhǔn)，不許可”，故上面第1例“Ike may not go home right after school. He will have to finish yesterdays homework.”只能表示“不準(zhǔn)，不許可”的意思。但語氣要比“He is not allowed (permitted) to go home right after school”婉轉(zhuǎn)得多。

4　may 表示的“可能”，比might表示的可能性較小，或者表示更委婉的語氣。

They may not leave so early. 他們可能不會(huì)這么早離開。［否定句］

One may live a hundred years, but cannot live to three hundred years. 人可能活到100歲，但不可能活到300歲。

區(qū)別下面兩個(gè)句子：

兩句都表示可能借給你那本小說，但第二句的可能性要比第一句小。

Tom may lend you the novel.

Tom might lend you the novel.

注：can與may表示“可能”時(shí)要注意以下幾點(diǎn)：

① 在疑問中表示“可能”時(shí)，按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)用法須用can不宜用may。如：

A: Where can she be? 她可能會(huì)在哪里呢？［疑問句不用may］

B: She may be at the nearby cybercafe wading through some websites. 她可能在附近的網(wǎng)吧，游覽幾個(gè)網(wǎng)站。［陳述語，可用may］

② 在口語中發(fā)may not 時(shí)，如果重音落在not上意思便由“不可能”轉(zhuǎn)為“不準(zhǔn)許”，如：

The naughty boy may not leave after school. 這個(gè)頑皮的男孩放學(xué)后不準(zhǔn)回家。［重音落在not上］

在書面語言中may not可能會(huì)引起歧義，故表示“不可能”宜用cant。

③ 在肯定陳述句中，may和can都能表示“可能”（probability），但在含義上有微細(xì)的差別。比較下面兩例：

Even on Saturdays and Sundays, this busy road can be blocked. 即使逢星期六及星期日，這條繁忙的道路也可能會(huì)堵。［指邏輯推理上的可能性］

Even on Saturdays and Sundays, this busy road may be blocked. 即使逢星期六及星期日，這條繁忙的道路也要堵。［指事實(shí)上的可能性］

④ may表示“可能”時(shí)一般不用于疑問句，而以其他詞語來替代。

如：May he capture the intercollegiate table tennis championship for 2007? 他有可能奪得2007年大學(xué)校際乒乓球聯(lián)賽冠軍嗎？

上列是個(gè)疑問句，may 表“可能”不妥，可改為Can he capture...?或Is he likely to capture...?或Is it possible for him to capture...?

5　may/might have+過去分詞表示對(duì)過去發(fā)生事情的一種猜測，might比may在語氣上更婉轉(zhuǎn)。

He did not leave till as late as two oclock.He may/might have missed the train. 他挨到2點(diǎn)鐘這么晚才動(dòng)身，他很有可能已誤車了。

You may/might have read that very stirring news report yesterday. 你昨天可能已看了那份非常激動(dòng)人心的新聞報(bào)道。

The two may/might not have met that night. 這兩個(gè)昨晚可能沒有見面。

注：上一結(jié)構(gòu)還可用來表示“本來可能發(fā)生但卻沒有發(fā)生”或“本來可能完成但卻沒有完成的事情”。這樣用時(shí)，一般都用might或could而不用may或can。如：

You were marvellously lucky to have a narrow escape from that accident. You might have got killed. 那樁事故中你九死一生，算你命大；你本來可能會(huì)送命的。［表一樁“本來可能發(fā)生但卻沒有發(fā)生的事情”］

You might have/could have passed the examination, but you did not work hard enough. 你本可以通過這次考試的，但不夠努力。［表本來可能完成或做到但卻沒有完成或做到。］

6　表示委婉的責(zé)備時(shí)只能用might，用于一般現(xiàn)在式或完成體。

You might ask me before you use my computer. 你可先問問我再用我的電腦嘛。［表現(xiàn)在］

You might have lent her a helping hand at that time. 那時(shí)你蠻可以拉她一把的嘛。［表過去，原可做到但卻沒有做到］

7　表示祝愿時(shí)只能用may。

A. may用于句首，主謂倒置。

May you succeed! 祝你成功！

May you live long! 祝你長壽！

May your birthday be happy! 祝你生日快樂！

B. 副詞或形容詞置于may之前，主謂也須倒置。

Long may you live! 祝你長壽！［副詞long置于句首］

Happy may your birthday be! 祝你生日快樂?。坌稳菰~位于句首］

注：may還可用于對(duì)死者的祝愿，如May he rest in peace! 愿死者安息吧！

8　may/might的句型結(jié)構(gòu)。

A. may well接動(dòng)詞原形，作“理應(yīng)，有充分的理由”解。

His parents may well be proud of him. 他的父母以他為驕傲，是有理由的。

He may well say so. 他說得對(duì)。

B. may/might as well+動(dòng)詞原形+as+動(dòng)詞原形，意指“與其……還不如……”，其中第二個(gè)as表示“與其”，may/might as well表示“還不如”。

may/might as well（還不如……）as...（與其……）

may和might并無現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過去時(shí)的分別，要說有所不同，則是may表示的可能性比might表示的要大。如：

One may as well not know a thing at all as know it imperfectly. 對(duì)一件事情，與其一知半解，還不如完全不知的好。

You might as well throw the money into the sea as spend it on the stock market. 你與其把這筆錢花在股票市場上還不如把錢扔進(jìn)海里。

有時(shí)候可在may/might as well之間加上just，以加強(qiáng)語氣。如：

You might just as well act it as say it. 你與其那樣說還不如付諸行動(dòng)更好些。

有時(shí)候，第二個(gè)as引導(dǎo)的部分可全部省掉，句意為“還是……好”，或“還不如……”，如：

You may just as well tell me the truth. 你還是把事實(shí)真相告訴我為好。

There is nothing to do, so I may as well go to bed. 我沒什么事要做，所以還不如上床睡覺。

3. have to和must

1　have to和must都表示必須，但二者有些區(qū)別。

have to側(cè)重于客觀需要，表示由于客觀環(huán)境的原因而不得不做某事；must則側(cè)重說話人的主觀意志，表示主觀上說話者認(rèn)為有必要做某事。試比較：

I must learn the English language well.［表示主觀上想把英語學(xué)好的意志］

I have to learn the English language well.［客觀需要，可能由于工作需要或要去歐美國家深造一段時(shí)期等客觀原因］

You must write the feasibility report yourself.Im afraid Im not in a position to help you. 我恐怕幫不了你。［說話人的意志］

You have to write the feasibility report（可行性報(bào)告）yourself. Nobody can help you.［表客觀情況所迫］

2　have to可用于不同的時(shí)態(tài)，也可與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用，并可用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

We had to put off the track meet because of the bad weather. 因天氣不好我們不得不推遲田徑運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)。［用于過去時(shí)，表客觀環(huán)境因素］

We will have to come up with the design scheme today. 我們今天得交出該設(shè)計(jì)方案。［表將來時(shí)］

The work will have to be completed before the 10th. 這項(xiàng)工作得在10號(hào)前完成。［用于將來時(shí)被動(dòng)語態(tài)］

He has been having to stay up late to finish his book for the last few weeks. 近幾周來，他必須一直熬夜以完成他的書。［用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)］

My husband is always having to go on a business trip. 我先生總是要經(jīng)常出差。［用于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)］

Its getting late; we will have to be going. 時(shí)間已不早，我們得走了。［用于將來進(jìn)行時(shí)］

?? 而must一般只用于現(xiàn)在時(shí)中，也可用在將來時(shí)；在間接引語及賓語從句中也可表示過去時(shí)，如：

All pedestrians must cross this road by the footbridge. 所有行人必須由天橋穿越這條馬路。［表現(xiàn)在時(shí)］（“天橋”還可用pedestrian bridge或overhead walkway來表示）

Must we finish the job before tomorrow noon? 我們一定得在明天中午前完成這個(gè)工作嗎？［表將來時(shí)］

Im afraid we must be going, or well not be able to catch the last bus. 我看我們得走了，否則我們將趕不上末班車了。［表現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)］

3　must作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞可表示主觀推測，而 have to 則無此用法。must表示觀推測時(shí)可用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。

A. 現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

There must be something wrong with the car.I cant start it. 這汽車準(zhǔn)是出了毛病，它發(fā)動(dòng)不起來了。

B. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。

Dont take it seriously. He must be joking. 別當(dāng)真，他準(zhǔn)是在開開玩笑而已。

C. 過去時(shí)。

Mrs. Crook realized that it must be the man from the Electricity Board who had come to read the meter. 柯魯克夫人意識(shí)到來者準(zhǔn)是電力公司的人來抄電表的。［用在賓語從句中］

Yesterday morning I told my parents that I must call on an old friend of mine at once. 昨天早晨我告訴我父母說我得立刻去拜訪我的一位老朋友。［用于間接引語中表過去式時(shí)，must比had to更符合習(xí)慣用法］

注：有時(shí)候在一定的語境中，雖然沒有間接引語的形式但卻含有間接引語的意味，這時(shí)如表過去式也傾向于用must，如：

Before going to bed last night, I considered how I should spend the next day. First, I must finish my composition.［這里的I must含有I thought I must之意］

D. 表示對(duì)過去情況的肯定推測用must have+過去分詞，但不能用have to+過去分詞。

You must have read a lot of Maughams novels, or you couldnt have talked so much about that famous British writer at yesterdays seminar. 你肯定以前讀過毛姆的很多小說；不然，你不可能在昨天的研討班上談那么多關(guān)于那位著名英國作家的情況。

He left about two oclock.Its five now. He must have got home.

他兩點(diǎn)鐘走的，現(xiàn)在已是5點(diǎn)；他肯定已到家了。

E. 表過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，用must have been+現(xiàn)在分詞，表持續(xù)性動(dòng)作，但不能用have to。

It must have been snowing all night. All the trees in the garden are covered with snow. 雪肯定下了整整一夜，花園里所有的樹木都蓋滿了雪。

F. must表“必須”時(shí)，否定式不是must not，而是do not have to或neednt。

—Must I work overtime（加班）tonight?

作“不必”解，must的否定式。

—No, you dont have to.

No, you havent got to.

No, you dont need to.

must not作“不許，不準(zhǔn)，禁止”解，相當(dāng)于be not to。如：

你不可如此頂撞你的父母。

You mustnt answer back to your parents like that.

You are not to answer back to your parents like that.

G. must表示的推測含有極有把握的意思，通常只用于肯定式中，其否定和疑問式多用can/could來表示。

He must be at home. He cant be in the office.［cant be是must現(xiàn)在時(shí)的否定式］

H. must have+過去分詞表示對(duì)過去行為、動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的推測，它相應(yīng)的否定式是can not have/could not have+過去分詞。

He was at home all day yesterday, so he cant/couldnt have got involved in the bank robbery yesterday afternoon. 他昨天一整天待在家里，因而不可能參與昨天下午發(fā)生的那樁銀行搶劫案。

I. must needs和needs must。

① must needs和needs must表示“必須，不得不”解，其中needs是副詞，=of necessity或necessarily。

I must needs/needs must do the experiment carefully. 我必須仔細(xì)地做這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)。

② must needs還可作“偏偏”解，但needs must則不能表示這一意思。

My wife must needs talk to me when I dont care to talk. 我太太偏偏在我不想談話的時(shí)候和我談話。

J. must的兩個(gè)常用表達(dá)法

① What must be...：表注定要發(fā)生的意思

What must be will be. 注定要發(fā)生的事總要發(fā)生。

② If you must+與主句句意相同的動(dòng)詞（通常省略）：表無奈的意思。

A: Can I smoke here?

B: If you must. 如果你一定要抽的話（那就抽吧）［表無奈］

A: Who is it that you care for? 你愛的到底是誰？

B: If you must know, I love Jimmy deeply. 如果你一定要知道（那我只好照實(shí)告訴你），我深愛著杰米。

K. must在現(xiàn)代英語中還可作名詞，作“必不可少的東西”解。

His new kungfu novel is a must for all lovers of Chinese martial arts. 他新出版的武俠小說是所有中國武術(shù)愛好者的必讀書。

4. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞need和行為動(dòng)詞need

1　情態(tài)動(dòng)詞need。

need作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)有以下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)：

① 沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。

② 后接動(dòng)詞原形（即不帶to的不定式）。

③ 否定式為neednt，作“不必”解。

④ 用于疑問句時(shí)不用do，does或did。

例如：

He neednt come if he is busy. 他如果忙就不必來了。

Need I repeat what I said just now? 要我重復(fù)一下我剛才講的話嗎？

He has gone to the country to recuperate.He never need know. 他已去鄉(xiāng)下養(yǎng)病去了，他就不需要知道了。

Nobody need be afraid of developing AIDS. 誰都不必害怕患上艾滋病。

I need hardly say that the experiment is very important and admits of no negligence. 我用不著說，這項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)非常重要，容不得半點(diǎn)疏忽。

注1：need作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞也可用在賓語從句中，即使主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是過去時(shí)，need的形式還是不變。如：

The landlord said I need not pay the rent till the 10th. 房東說我不必在10日前付房租/我到10日付房租就可以了。

注2：need的肯定回答是must，否定回答是neednt。如：

A: Need I hurry her into leaving?

B: No, you neednt.（否定）

Yes, you must.（肯定）

注3：must的否定回答也是neednt。如：

A: Must we hand in the homework today?

B: No, you neednt.

?? “neednt have+過去分詞”表示過去原本不必做的事情卻做了。如：

The weather here is very warm. We neednt have packed these woolen sweaters. 這里天氣很熱，我們原本不需要帶上這些羊毛衫的。

Your son is doing fine at school. You neednt have been worrying so much about him. 你兒子在學(xué)校里表現(xiàn)很好，你不必一直為他這么擔(dān)心。

?? “need have+過去分詞”可用于：

① 疑問句中，表示“需要這么/那么……嗎？”如：

Need you have worked so hard? 你需要這么辛苦嗎？［含有“你條件很好，干嗎還要那么勞累辛苦呢？”］

② 用于比較結(jié)構(gòu)中，表示過去，意指“不必……/沒有必要……”如：

Last night, you drove faster than you need have done. That was unsafe. 昨晚你沒有必要把車開得那么快，那很不安全。

You were more careful than you need have been in doing a job like this. 做像這樣的工作，你沒有必要那么小心的。

2　行為動(dòng)詞need。

A. 用法和其他行為動(dòng)詞一樣。

need作行為動(dòng)詞時(shí)有人稱和數(shù)的變化，后接帶to的不定式，在否定句中它前面需按實(shí)際需要加doesnt，dont or didnt，在疑問句中句首必須按實(shí)際情況加Do，Does或Did。如：

You need to sum up your good experience in this aspect. 你需要總結(jié)一下你在這方面的好的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

He needs to finish his work report today. 他需要今天完成他的工作報(bào)告。

All a company manager needs to have is foresight. 公司經(jīng)理所需要具備的是預(yù)見性。

Do I need to tell him about it? 我需要把這件事告訴他嗎？

Does he need to print two or three copies for you? 需要他為你打印兩三份副本嗎？

Did the man in question need to go to hospital this morning? He only had a few bruises. 此人今天上午需去醫(yī)院嗎？他只是有點(diǎn)碰傷而已。

B. need作行為動(dòng)詞時(shí)可接動(dòng)名詞或不定式。

① 接動(dòng)名詞時(shí)，動(dòng)名詞須是主動(dòng)語態(tài)，但它的意思一定是被動(dòng)的，如：

That naughty boy needs spanking（不能用being spanked）. 那個(gè)頑皮的男孩需打一頓屁股才行。［這里的needs不是表男孩的主觀需要，而是表客觀需要，即不打他幾下屁股他是不會(huì)聽話的］

② 接不定式時(shí)，不定式須是被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

This difficult sentence needs to be explained（不能用to explain）in detail. 這個(gè)難句需要作詳細(xì)解釋。［這里，不定式表示的是主觀需要，即難句本身需要給以詳細(xì)解釋］

在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中，need加上后面詞語表被動(dòng)意義時(shí)必須用主動(dòng)態(tài)的動(dòng)名詞或被動(dòng)態(tài)的不定式，如：

Your shoes need cleaning=Your shoes need to be cleaned.

My watch needs winding up（上發(fā)條）=My watch needs to be wound up.

Your room needs cleaning=Your room needs to be cleaned.

C. need和want一樣，后面可接復(fù)合賓語。

例如：

We need the work done within two hours.Please put your back into it. 我們需在兩小時(shí)內(nèi)把這項(xiàng)工作完成，請(qǐng)加把勁。

We need you over to help our children with their mathematics lessons. 我們需要你過來幫我們的孩子復(fù)習(xí)數(shù)學(xué)功課。

We need you to solve that technical problem. 我們需要你解決那個(gè)技術(shù)問題。

5. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞dare和行為動(dòng)詞dare

1　dare作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。

A. dare作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)無人稱和數(shù)的變化，后接動(dòng)詞原形，表過去時(shí)形式也不變；它的否定形式一概是dare not+動(dòng)詞原形。用于疑問句首不用Do，Does或Did。如：

The late managing director was hot-tempered; no one dare oppose him. 前任執(zhí)行董事脾氣火暴，沒人敢反對(duì)他。

She is haughty; he dare not ask her out. 她很傲慢，他不敢約她出去。

Dare you contradict what your superior says? 你敢頂撞你的上級(jí)嗎？

How dare he take my laptop computer without even asking! 他怎么敢不問一聲就把我的手提電腦拿走！

注：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞dare表過去時(shí)形式不變，但在文學(xué)語言等正式文體中，dare也可改用其過去式dared，但僅限于表示否定意義。如：

No one dared utter a sound when he flew into a rage. 他大發(fā)雷霆時(shí)沒人敢吭聲。

We hardly dared breathe as the president of the corporation walked into our office. 公司總裁走進(jìn)我們辦公室時(shí)，我們幾乎都不敢喘氣了。

以上兩例都系正式文體，在日常文體中dared都用dare。

B. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞dare也可用于完成體。

即dare have/darent have+過去分詞，表過去想做而不敢做或過去不敢做而現(xiàn)在敢做的事情。如：

I darent have criticized him in the past, but I think I dare now. 我過去不敢批評(píng)他，但我想我現(xiàn)在敢這么做了。

Dare he have done it without your permission? 他當(dāng)時(shí)沒有你的同意敢做這事嗎？

C. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞dare可用于虛擬語氣中。

If you dare swim across the English Channel, you would be our school hero. 你如敢游過英吉利海峽，你就是我們學(xué)校的英雄了。［虛擬語氣，表示同現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反］

Foreign powers darent have bullied us if China had been powerful. 如果當(dāng)時(shí)中國強(qiáng)大，列強(qiáng)就不敢欺侮我們了。［虛擬語氣，同過去事實(shí)相反］

D. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞dare的三個(gè)習(xí)語。

I dare say 以為，相信

I dare say you are Japanese. 我看你是日本人。

注1：I dare say也可置于句末。在現(xiàn)代英語里dare say可連寫。如：

You are night, I dare say. 我認(rèn)為你是對(duì)的。［置于句末］

I daresay you are American. 我想你是美國人。［daresay連寫］

注2：I dare say有它的否定式，是I darent say，如I darent say so. 我不敢這么說。

Dont you dare 你敢……

Dont you dare tell my father about my smoking! 你敢把我吸煙的事告訴我爸爸！

Dont you dare touch the boy! 你敢動(dòng)這男孩的一根毫毛！

注：“Dont you dare!”也可獨(dú)立使用，意指“你敢！”，如：

A: Im going to tell your teacher about the gambling. 我要把你賭博的事告訴你老師。

B: Dont you dare! 你敢！

祈使句+if you dare! 你要是敢就……！如：

Quit your job if you dare! 你要是敢就炒你魷魚！

Touch me if you dare! 你要是敢就碰我！

2　dare作行為動(dòng)詞時(shí)所表示的一些主要詞義。

① 敢（做某事）：

He is terrific, daring to confront the tough with toughness. 他真了不起，敢于硬碰硬。

He dares to accuse his superior of corruption. 他敢于指控他的上級(jí)有腐敗行為。

② 敢于面對(duì)……

I will dare any difficulties standing in my way. 我敢于面對(duì)前進(jìn)道路上的各種困難。

③ 向……挑戰(zhàn)（往往是帶有危險(xiǎn)的事情）：

He dared me to jump over the stream. 他向我挑戰(zhàn)跳過那條小溪。