高考英語大綱規(guī)定的24個語法梳理(五)
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★ 合成法
英語構詞法中把兩個單詞連在一起合成一個新詞,前一個詞修飾或限定后一個詞,這樣的方法就是合成法。
1 合成名詞
⒈ 名詞+名詞
weekend周末
⒉ 名詞+動詞
daybreak黎明
⒊ 名詞+動名詞
handwriting書法
⒋ 名詞+及物動詞+er/or
pain-killer止痛藥
⒌ 名詞+介詞+名詞
sister-in-law嫂子
⒍ 代詞+名詞
she-wolf母狼
⒎ 動詞+名詞
typewriter打字機
⒏ 動名詞+名詞
reading-room閱覽室
⒐ 現(xiàn)在分詞+名詞
flying-fish飛魚
⒑ 形容詞+名詞
freshman大一新生
⒒ 副詞+動詞
outlook景色,風光
⒓ 介詞+名詞
afterbrain后腦
2 合成形容詞
⒈ 名詞+形容詞
bloodred血紅的
⒉ 名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞
French-speaking講法語的
⒊ 名詞+to+名詞
one-to-one一對一的
⒋ 名詞+過去分詞
man-made人造的
⒌ 數(shù)詞+名詞
one-way單行道的
⒍ 數(shù)詞+名詞+形容詞
three-year-old三歲的
⒎ 數(shù)詞+名詞+ed
ten-storeyed十層的
⒏ 動詞+副詞
one-off 一次性的
⒐ 形容詞+名詞
high-quality高質量的
⒑ 形容詞+名詞+ed
noble-minded高尚的
⒒ 形容詞+形容詞
light-green淺綠色的
⒓ 形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞
ordinary-looking相貌一般的
⒔ 副詞+形容詞
ever-green常青的
⒕ 副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞
hard-working辛勤的
⒖ 副詞+過去分詞
well-known著名的
⒗ 副詞+名詞
fast-food專門提供快餐服務的
⒘ 介詞+名詞
indoor室內(nèi)的
3 合成動詞
⒈ 名詞+動詞
sleep-walk夢游
⒉ 形容詞+動詞
white-wash粉刷
⒊ 副詞+動詞
overwhelm壓倒,制服
4 合成副詞
⒈ 形容詞+名詞
hotfoot匆忙地
⒉ 形容詞+副詞
everywhere到處
⒊ 副詞+副詞
however盡管如此
⒋ 介詞+名詞
beforehand事先
⒌ 介詞+副詞
forever永遠
5 合成代詞
⒈ 代詞賓格+self
herself 她自己
⒉ 物主代詞+self
myself 我自己
⒊ 形容詞+名詞
anything 一切
6 合成介詞
⒈ 副詞+名詞
outside在……外面
⒉ 介詞+副詞
within在……之內(nèi)
⒊ 副詞+介詞
into進入
★ 派生法
英語構詞法中在詞根前面加前綴或在詞根后面加后綴,從而構成一個與原單詞意義相近或截然相反的新詞的方法叫作派生法。
1 前綴
除少數(shù)英語前綴外,前綴一般改變單詞的意義,不改變詞性;英語后綴一般改變詞類,而不引起詞義的變化。
⒈ 表示否定意義的前綴常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等,在單詞的前面加這類前綴常構成與該詞意義相反的新詞。
如:agree同意→disagree不同意
fair公平的→unfair不公平的
possible可能的→impossible不可能的
understand理解→misunderstand誤解
⒉ 表示其他意義的前綴常用的有a-(多構成表語形容詞), anti- (反對;抵抗), auto- (自動), co- (共同), en- (使), inter- (互相), re- (再;又), sub- (下面的;次;小), tele- (強調(diào)距離)等。
如:co-worker 同事,幫手
enlarge 使變大
cooperate 合作
rewrite 重寫
subway 地鐵
2 后綴
給單詞加后綴也是英語構詞的一種重要方法。后綴通常會改變單詞的詞性,構成意義相近的其他詞性;少數(shù)后綴還會改變詞義,變?yōu)榕c原來詞義相反的新詞。
⒈ 構成名詞的后綴常用的有-ence,-(e)r/ -or (從事某事的人),-ese (某地人),-ess (雌性),-ian (精通……的人),-ist (專業(yè)人員),-ment (性質;狀態(tài)),-ness (性質;狀態(tài)),-tion(動作;過程)等。
如:differ不同于→difference區(qū)別
write寫→writer作家
China中國→Chinese中國人
act表演→actress女演員
music音樂→musician音樂家
⒉ 構成動詞的后綴常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容詞之后),-fy (使……化),-ize (使……成為)。
如:wide→widen加寬
beauty→beautify美化
pure→purify提純
real→realize意識到
organ→organize組織
sharp→sharpen使變鋒利
⒊ 構成形容詞的后綴常用的有-al,-able (有能力的),-(a)n(某國人的),-en (多用于表示材料的名詞后),-ern (方向的),-ese(某國人的),-ful,-(ic)al,-ish,-ive,-less (表示否定),-like (像……的),-ly,-ous,-some,-y (表示天氣)等。
如:nature自然→natural自然的
reason道理→reasonable有道理的
America美國→American美國的
China中國→Chinese中國人的
gold金子→golden金的
east東→eastern東方的
child孩子→childish孩子氣的
snow雪→snowy有雪的
⒋ 構成副詞的常用后綴有-ly (主要用于形容詞之后表示方式或程度),-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的詞之后表示方向)。
如:angry生氣的→angrily生氣地
to到→towards朝……,向……
east東方→eastward向東
⒌ 構成數(shù)詞的后綴有-teen (十幾),-ty (幾十),-th (構成序數(shù)詞)。
如:six六→sixteen十六→sixteenth第十六
four四→forty四十→fortieth第四十
★ 轉化法
英語構詞法中把一種詞性用作另一種詞性而詞形不變的方法叫作轉化法,有的名詞可以作動詞,有的形容詞可以作副詞或動詞。
1 動詞轉化為名詞
⒈ 意思沒有變化
如:I think wed better finish the talk now.我想我們的談話最好現(xiàn)在結束。
⒉ 意思有一定變化
如:He is a man of strong build.他是一個體格健壯的漢子。
⒊ 構成短語
如:Lets have a look first. 我們先看一下吧。
2 名詞轉化為動詞
⒈ 表示物體的
如:Have you booked the ticket?你訂好票了嗎?
⒉ 表示身體部位的
如:Hand in your papers please.請把你們的試卷交上來。
⒊ 表示一類人的
如:She nursed her husband back to health.她看護丈夫,使他恢復了健康。
⒋ 抽象名詞
如:We breakfasted together.我們在一起吃了早餐。
3 形容詞轉化為動詞
少數(shù)形容詞可以轉化為動詞。
如:We will try our best to better our living conditions.我們要盡力改善我們的生活狀況。
4 副詞轉化為動詞
有少數(shù)副詞可以轉化為動詞。
如:Murder will out.惡事終必將敗露。
5 形容詞轉化為名詞
⒈ 表示顏色的形容詞??赊D化為名詞
如:The girl in black appears very beautiful.那個穿黑衣服的女孩子看上去非常漂亮。
⒉ 一些形容詞如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等與the連用,表示一類人,作主語時,謂語用復數(shù)。
如:We dont belong to the rich, but we dongt belong to the poor either. 我們不是有錢人,但我們也不是窮人。
★ 縮寫和簡寫
1 截短法(縮略法)
將單詞縮寫,詞義和詞性保持不變的英語構詞法稱為截短法,主要有截頭、去尾、截頭去尾等形式。
⒈ 截頭
如:telephone→phone
airplane→plane
⒉ 去尾
如:mathematics→maths
examination→exam
kilogram→kilo
laboratory→lab
taxicab→taxi
⒊ 截頭去尾
如:influenza→flu
refrigerator→fridge
prescription→script
2 混合法(混成法)
英語構詞還可以將兩個詞混合或各取一部分緊縮而成一個新詞,前半部分表屬性,后半部分表主體。這樣的英語構詞法就是混合法。
如:news broadcast→newscast新聞廣播
television broadcast→telecast電視播送
smoke and fog→smog煙霧
photo and graphy→photography攝影,攝影術
helicopter airport→heliport直升飛機場
3 首尾字母縮略法
用單詞首尾字母組成一個新詞的英語構詞法叫做首尾字母縮略法。這種形式的英語構詞生成的新詞,讀音主要有兩種形式,即各字母分別讀音;作為一個單詞讀音。
如:Testing of English as a Foreign Language→TOEFL托福
Teach English as a Foreign Language→TEFL
Teach English as a Second Language→TESL
Graduate Record Examination→GRE美國研究生入學考試
★ 陳述句
1 概念
陳述句用來敘述一個事實,句末標點用句號。有的陳述句表示肯定的意思,在說話、寫文章中,對陳述語氣的要求是多方面的,只會簡單肯定和否定,不能滿足表情達意的需要。因此,陳述句又分為肯定的陳述句和否定的陳述句,簡稱為肯定句(The Affirmative Sentence)和否定句(The Negative Sentence)。
2 基本句型
① 主語+連系動詞+表語
② 主語+謂語(不及物動詞)
③ 主語+謂語(及物動詞)+賓語
④ 主語+謂語(及物動詞)+間接賓語+直接賓語
⑤ 主語+謂語(及物動詞)+賓語+賓語補足語
3 分類
⒈ 肯定句:
在說話、寫文章中,表示肯定的句子。
⒉ 否定句:
在說話、寫文章中,表示否定的句子。
⑴ 一般否定句
即含有“不、沒有、完全不是,完全不”等否定意思的詞的句子。
⑵ 雙重否定句
含有兩個否定詞的句子,例如:含有“沒有.....不......”“,非.....不可......”等詞語的句子,雙重否定句表示肯定。
4 陳述句的否定形式
陳述句又分為肯定的陳述句和否定的陳述句,簡稱為肯定句和否定句。含否定詞的句子稱為否定句(legative Sentence),不含否定詞的句子就稱為肯定句。
如:Mr.Walker is an Englishman.(華克先生是英國人。一肯定句)
He is not an American.(他不是美國人。一否定句)
否定陳述句的表達方式基本上有下面的三種。
⒈ 全否定:用not,no,never,neither,none,nothing等否定。表示“完全不是,完全不”的意思。
如:He is not a worker.
Nothing is wrong with me.
⒉ 半否定句:在句子里用否定詞hardly,scarcely,little,few, seldomrarely等。
如:I hardly see anything in the room.=I can see little in the room
注意:“all/both/every/each/+謂語”表示概念為“有的是,有的不是”
如:All of them are not students.=Some of them are students,some are not.
⒊ 賓語從句的否定形式:用在think,believe,suppose 引導的賓語從句里則否定主句。
如:I dont think hell come.=He will not come in fact,I think.
5 陳述句的詞序問題
肯定句:基本結構為主+謂語/主語+系動詞+表語,但是在某些情況下主語和謂語可以倒裝:
⒈ 如果虛擬條件句的謂語動詞含有were,had或should,可以把if省略掉,而將這三個詞放于條件句主語前,構成倒裝。
如:Should you be fired,your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.
⒉ 表示方位的副詞或介詞短語位于句首時,句子要全部倒裝。副詞有out,in,up,down,
away,off,here,there,now等;大部分介詞短語位于句首,都有此種用法;這時句子的謂語動詞往往是be,lie,come,walk,go,stand,lie等詞。當表示地點的介詞短語放句首時,注意:謂語多為be,lie,sit,stand,come,walk等不及物動詞。
如:In the dark streets lie many lakes, some large enough to hold several English towns.
⒊ 對含有否定意義,半否定意義的副詞或介詞短語等放在句首時。這一類常見的副詞有:hardly,scarcely,never,not,not only,not until,seldom,little,few,no longer, at no time,by no means,nowhere,in no case等。
如:Never before has the city been in greater need of modern public transport than it is today.
★ 疑問句
高考對疑問句的考查主要是對反義疑問句的考查。
1 概念
反義疑問句也叫附加疑問句,指的是在陳述句后面附加一個簡短的一般疑問句,用于對陳述句所說的事實或觀點提出疑問或表示證實。
陳述部分與附加部分的動詞時態(tài)和動詞性質應保持一致,但是肯定和否定形式卻彼此相反,即陳述部分為肯定式時,疑問句部分用否定式;陳述部分為否定式時,附加部分用肯定式。
2 反義疑問句主要分以下各種情況
反意疑問句由兩部分構成:前一部分用陳述句形式,后一部分是一個附加在前一部分上的簡短問句。陳述部分用肯定形式時,附加問句部分用否定形式,反之亦然。附加問句部分的動詞形式及主語由陳述句決定,而且主語必須是代詞。
⒈ 陳述部分的主語是名詞時,附加問句的主語用相應的人稱代詞。
如:Your parents had a long talk with you last night,didnt they?
⒉ 陳述部分主語是表示人的不定代詞時,反意疑問句的主語側重全部用they,側重個體用he。
如:No one was there that day,was he/were they?
⒊ 陳述部分主語是表示物的不定代詞時,反意疑問句的主語用it。
如:Everything that he says is true,isnt it?
⒋ 陳述部分的主語是one時,反意疑問句的主語在正式的場合用one,在非正式場合用you。
如:One should be honest,shouldnt one/you?
⒌ 陳述部分主語是指示代詞時,反意疑問句的主語要用it或they。
如:This is your car,isnt it?
Those are grapes,arent they?
⒍ 陳述部分是there be 結構時,反意疑問句仍用there。
如:There was a hospital here,wasnt there?
⒎ 陳述部分有表示推測的情態(tài)動詞must時,反意疑問句的動詞與must后的動詞一致。
如:They must be sleeping then,werent they?
注意:must后接完成式,若表示對過去情況的推測,附加問句中動詞用didnt;若表示對已完成情況的推測,用havent或hasnt。
⒏ 陳述部分含有否定詞時,反意疑問句用肯定式。
如:He is never late for school,is he?
They seldom clean the roomdo they?
注意:常見的否定詞有no,never,nothing,nowhere,rarely,hardly,seldom,few,little等;若陳述部分有帶否定意義詞綴的派生詞,如dislike,useless,unfair等,后面的附加問句仍用否定式。
⒐ 陳述部分是祈使句時,反意疑問句用will you或wont you。
如:Look at the blackboard,will/wont you?
Dont make any noise,will you?
注意:以Lets開頭的祈使句,反意疑問句用shall we;以Let us/me開頭的祈使句,反意疑問句用will you;陳述部分是否定的祈使句,反意疑問句用will you或can you都可以。
⒑ 陳述部分是并列句時,反意疑問句與鄰近的分句一致。
如:She works hard and she is the best one in her factory,isnt she?
⒒ 陳述部分是復合句時,反意疑問句與主句一致。
如:When the teacher speaks in class,we have to keep quiet,dont we?
⒓ 陳述部分是否定轉移句式時,反意疑問句與從句一致,且用肯定形式。
如:I dont think he will come,will he?
注意:在回答反意疑問句時,不管其陳述句部分是肯定的還是否定的,如果事實是肯定的,回答用”yes+肯定的簡略句”;如果事實是否定的,回答用”no+否定的簡略句”,形式要一致。陳述部分是否定形式時,答語中的yes譯成”不”,no譯成”是”。
如:—They havent been told the truth,have they?
—Yes,they have./No,they havent.
★ 祈使句
1 概念
用于表達命令、請求、勸告、警告、禁止等的句子叫做祈使句。祈使句的作用是要求、請求或命令、勸告、建議別人做或不做一件事。祈使句的句末一般用感嘆號,但是有些祈使句的語氣較弱,可以用句號結尾。
祈使句因對象(即主語)是第二人稱,所以通常都省略。祈使句的動詞都為一般現(xiàn)在時。
如:Go andwash your hands.
Be kind to our sister.
Watch your steps.
No parking
表示禁止的句式有:不準、不要、別.
2 表現(xiàn)形式
⒈ 肯定結構:
① Do 型(即:動詞原形(+賓語)+其它成分)。
如:Please have a seat here.
有的祈使句在意思明確的情況下,動詞可省略。
如:This way, please. = Go this way, please. 。
② Be 型(即:Be + 表語(名詞或形容詞)+其它成分)。
如:Be a good boy! 要做一個好孩子!
③ Let 型(即:Let+賓語+動詞原形+其它成分)。
如:Let me help you. 讓我來幫你。
⒉ 否定結構:
① Do 型和 Be 型的否定式都是在句首加 dont 構成。
如:Dont forget me!
Dont be late for school!
② Let 型的否定式有兩種:“Dont + let + 賓語 + 動詞原形 + 其它成分”和“Let + 賓語 + not + 動詞原形 + 其它成分”。
如:Dot let him go. / Let him not go. 別讓他走。
③ 有些可用 no 開頭,用來表示禁止性的祈使句。
如:No smoking!
No fishing!
3 祈使句類型
祈使句是用來向別人提出命令,建議或請求的句式.常見的祈使句有以下五種:
⒈ Lets 開頭的祈使句
如: Lets say it in English.
⒉ 動詞原形開頭的祈使句
如:Listen to the teacher.
⒊ Shall I 開頭的祈使句
如:Shall I carry the parcel for you ?
⒋ Will you 開頭的祈使句
如:Will you come here early ?
⒌ 以 Please 開頭的祈使句
如: Please take a message for him.
⒍ 帶呼語的祈使句
如:Mary, come down here ! (對 mary 講話,而不帶呼語的且以動詞原形開頭的祈使句則對第二人稱講話)
⒎ 不讓對方做某事, 英語用 " Dont "
如:Dont speak loud . 不要大聲講話。
Dont write in that way . 不要那樣寫。
⒏ "let"帶頭的祈使句是個常見的動詞句型,它的主要用法有下列三種:
① 表示“建議”。 這個句型里的"let"后頭緊跟著一個第一人稱的代詞賓語。
如:Let me try.
Lets do it.
Let me go and look for it.這個句型語氣委婉,比直接的祈使句客氣。
比較:Dont disturb him. 是直接命令,語氣強烈
Lets not disturb him.
② 表示“警告”、“蔑視”、“威脅”等。 這種祈使句里的賓語也是第三人稱為主。除了口氣兇悍之外,有時還語帶諷刺.
如:Let him try and he will expose(暴露) his inability(無力) to work on his own.
Let the invaders(侵略者)come and our armed forces will wipe(擦拭)them out in no time.
③ 用"let"的祈使句時,必須注意下列幾點
⑴ "let" 的否定句有二。如果賓語是第三人稱用"Dont let....."
如:Dont let this type of things happen again.
如果賓語是第一人稱,則用 "Let......not"
如:Its raining now. Lets not go out until after the rain.
⑵ "Let"只適用于現(xiàn)在時態(tài),可以有被動語態(tài)。
如:Let the recalcitrant criminals be sent to prison.
Let all the dedicated capable staff be promoted.
⑶ "Let"后頭除了是不帶"to"的不定式動詞之外,還可以是某些適當?shù)母痹~,如 out, in, down, alone 等。
如:Let the puppy out.
Open the windows and let the fresh air in.
The room is too sunny. Let the blinds down.
Let me alone, please.
⑷ 用"Lets"時,把談話者的對象包括在內(nèi);用"Let us"時,并不包括對方。
如:Lets try it, shall we?
Let us do it by ourselves, will you?
從以上兩個例句里的"will you",不難知道前者包括聽話人,后者并沒有。
4 句型轉換:祈使句與陳述句的改寫
⒈ 祈使句=You must…(陳述句)
如:Come here .過來。 =You must come here . 你必須過來。
Dont do that again. = You mustnt do that again 你一定不可以再那樣做了。
⒉ Please +祈使句=Will you (please)…?(陳述句)
如:Please help me .請幫幫我。 =Will you (please) help me? 你愿意幫我的忙嗎?
Come here on time ,please .請準時到這兒。 =Will you (please) come here on time ? 請你準時到好嗎?
⒊ 含有第一、第三人稱主語的祈使句
如:Lets say good-bye here. 我們在此道別吧。
Dont let him do that again. 別讓他再那么做了。
祈使句有時相當一個“if”引導的條件狀語從句。
祈使句:Use your head and youll find a way.
條件句:If you use your head,youll find a way.
注意回答 Lets~的反意疑問句句型時,肯定時用 Yes,lets.否定時用 NO,lets not.
5 祈使句后的反意疑問句形式
⒈ Lets 表示說話人向對提出建議,簡短問句的主語用 we 表示,問句用 shall we 或 shant we
如: Lets have a cup of tea ,shall we (shant we) ?
⒉ Let me 或 Let us 表示聽話人提出請求,問句用 will you 或 wont you.
如:Let me have a rest , will you (wont you ) ?
⒊ 其它的祈使句后可以加一個簡短問句,使語氣變得客氣一些
如:Have a rest , will you?
Stand up , will (wont) you?
★ 感嘆句
一般說來,感嘆句是由what或how開頭的,它有兩個類型,六種句式。掌握了它的搭配,即掌握了感嘆句的重點。
1 用what引導的感嘆句有三種句式
此時,what 為形容詞,用作定語,修飾它后面的名詞或名詞詞組(即感嘆部分是名詞性短語)。
⒈ What +a/an 形容詞+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)+主語+謂語!
如:What a fine day it is!多么好的天氣?。。ㄝo音音素前用a)
What an old building that is!那是一棟多么破舊的樓房啊(元音音素前用an)
⒉ What+形容詞+可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)形式+主語+謂語!
如:What good teachers they are!他們是多么好的老師?。?/p>
What beautiful flowers these are!這些是多么美麗的花?。?/p>
⒊ What+形容詞+不可數(shù)名詞+主語+謂語!
如:What thick ice we are having here!我們這兒的冰多厚啊!
What round bread it is!這是一塊多么圓的面包?。?/p>
2 用how 開頭的感嘆句也有三種句式
此時,how是副詞,用作狀語,修飾后面的形容詞、副詞或動詞。
⒈ How+形容詞+主語+謂語?。粗^語動詞是連系動詞)
如:How hot it is today!今天天氣多熱??!
How beautiful the flowers are!這些花多么美麗??!
⒉ How+副詞+主語+謂語!
如:How hard he works!他工作多么努力?。?/p>
How well she sings!她歌唱得多好??!
⒊ How +主語+謂語?。粗^語動詞是行為動詞)
如:How she dances!她跳舞跳得多好啊!
注意:what和how引起的感嘆句,在口語中??梢允÷灾髡Z、謂語或其它句子成分。
如:How cold (it is)!
What a good girl What delicious fish!
3 陳述句變感嘆句全解
判斷是否使用冠詞、使用什么樣的冠詞
如果名詞不可數(shù),摒棄a,an不留情:名詞的復數(shù)形式和不可數(shù)名詞之前不使用冠詞,以元音音素開頭的詞語之前用an,以輔音音素開頭的詞語之前用a。
如:What beautiful sunshine it is today! (sunshine不可數(shù)名詞)
What a useful book this is useful!(以輔音音素開頭)
What an old house that is old!(以元音音素開頭)
4 其它句式變感嘆句
有時陳述句、疑問句(句中常有so或much)以及祈使句也可直接轉化為感嘆句,不需要改變詞的位置,只要改變原來的音調(diào)(即變?yōu)榻嫡{(diào))。
如:Hes such a nice boy!多好的孩子!
How can you be so clever!你怎么這么聰明!
Dont go with us!刷和我們一起去!
Have you ever seen such a thing?你曾見過這種事情嗎?
★ 主語
主語是一個句子所敘述的主體,一般位于句首。但在there be結構、疑問句(當主語不疑問詞時)和倒裝句中,主語位于謂語、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞前面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。
如:During the 1990s,American country music has become more and more popular.(名詞)
We often speak English in class.(代詞)
One-third of the students in this class are girls.(數(shù)詞)
Two swim in the river is a great pleasure.(不定式)
Smoking does harm to the health.(動名詞)
The rich should he lp the poor.(名詞化的形容詞)
When me are going to have an Eaglish test has not been decided.(主語從句)
It is necessary to master a foreign language.(it作形式主語,真正的主語為后面的不定式)
★ 謂語
謂語說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動詞在句中作謂語,一般放在主語之后。謂語的構成如下:
1 簡單謂語
由一個動詞或動詞短語構成。
如:He practices running every morning.
2 復合謂語
⒈ 由情態(tài)動詞或其他助動詞加動詞原形構成。
如:You make the book for two weeks.
He has caught a bad cold.
⒉ 由系動詞加表語構成。
如:We are students.
★ 表語
表語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài),它一般位于系動詞(如be,becone,get,look,grow, turn,seem等)之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。
如:Our teacher of English is an American.(名詞)
Is it yours?(代詞)
The weather has turned cold.(形容詞)
The speech is exciting.(分詞)
Three times seven is twenty one?(數(shù)詞)
His job is to teach Eaglish.(不定式)
His hobby(愛好)is playing football.(動名詞)
The machine must be out of order.(介詞短語)
Time is up.The class is over.(副詞)
The truth is that he has never been abroad.(表語從句)
★ 賓語
1 賓語的位置
賓語表示動作的對象或承愛者,一般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。
如:They went to see an exhibition(展覽)yesterday.(名詞)
The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.(代詞)
How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.(數(shù)詞)
They helped the old with their housework yesterday.(名詞化形容詞)
He pretended not to see me.(不定式短語)
I enjoy listening to popular music.(動名詞短語)
I think (that)he is fit for his office.(賓語從句)
2 賓語種類
⒈ 雙賓語(間接賓語+直接賓語)
如:Lend me our dictionary, please.
⒉ 復合賓語(賓語+賓補)
如:They elected hin their monitor.
★ 定語
修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。定語可由以下成分表示:
如:Guilin is a beautiful city.(形容詞)
China is a develceing country;America is a develcged country.(分詞)
There are thirty women teachers is our school.(名詞)
His rapid progress in English made us surprised.(代詞)
Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.(不定式短語)
The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.(動名詞)
He is reading an article about how to learn Eaglish.(介詞短語)
★ 狀語
1 狀語的作用
狀語用來修飾形容詞、副詞、動詞或者全句。
⒈ 修飾形容詞
His performance is pretty good.他的表現(xiàn)非常好。
⒉ 修飾副詞
The leopard runs very fast.美洲豹跑得非???。
⒊ 修飾動詞
The professor introduce himself briefly.教授簡單地介紹了他自己。
⒋ 修飾全句
The accident happened last night.事故發(fā)生在昨天晚上。
2 狀語的分類
⒈ 地點狀語:動作或狀態(tài)所處于的地點
The students are doing their homework in the classroom.學生們正在教室里做作業(yè)。
⒉ 時間狀語:動作或狀態(tài)所處于的時間
I learned a lot from the peasants when I lived in the countryside.我在農(nóng)村生活時,向農(nóng)民學到很多東西。
⒊ 目的狀語:動作的目的
They set out early so that they might arrive on time.他們早點動身,以便準時到達。
⒋ 原因狀語:動作或狀態(tài)所處于的原因
She will not go home because she has to attend a meeting.因為要開會,所以她不能回家了。
⒌ 結果狀語:動作或狀態(tài)所產(chǎn)生的結果
Li Ming studied so hard that he caught up with the others very quickly.李明學習如此努力,結果很快趕上了其他人。
⒍ 程度狀語:表示動作或狀態(tài)的程度
I nearly forgot what he had promised.我?guī)缀跬浟怂饝氖隆?/p>
⒎ 方式狀語:做某事所用的方式
It is common to travel by air.乘飛機出行很普遍。
⒏ 條件狀語:表示某事或某種狀態(tài)變化的條件
If you work hard at English,you will do well in English.如果你努力學習英語,你的英語成績就會好。
⒐ 讓步狀語:主句的行為或狀態(tài)一定發(fā)生或存在,而狀語又必須作出“讓步”,那么,這種狀語被稱之為“讓步狀語”。
He went to school yesterday though he was ill.昨天他盡管有病,仍上學去了。
⒑ 比較狀語:表示一個狀態(tài)特征與另一個做對比。
Lesson Two is not so difficult as Lesson One.
★ 補語
補語(complement)是一種補足主語和賓語的意義的句子成分。補足主語意義的句子成分叫做主語補語(subject complement),補足賓語意義的句子成分叫做賓語補語(object complement)。
1 主語補足語
形容詞用作主語補語是常置于主語之前,后有逗號。
如:Tired and sleepy, I went to bed. 我又累又困,就去睡了。
有時可以置于主語之后,前后都有逗號,與非限定性定語相似。
如: The man, cruel beyond belief, didnt listen to their pleadings. 那人不可置疑地殘酷,不聽取他們的懇求。
2 賓語補足語
可以用做賓語補語的有名詞、形容詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、介詞短語等。
如:They named the child Jimmy. 他們將孩子命名為吉米。(名詞用作并與補語)
My mother looks so young that you would think her my sister. 我的母親看起來很年輕,你會以為她是我的姐姐(名詞短語作賓補)
He boiled the egg hard. 她將雞蛋煮老了。(形容詞用作賓補)
I found the book very interesting.我發(fā)現(xiàn)那本書很有趣。(形容詞短語用作賓補)
The comrades wanted Dr.Bethune to take cover. 同志們要白求恩大夫隱蔽一下。(不定式用作賓語補語)
I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul.我把這個叫做拆東墻補西墻。(動名作賓補)
Dont take his kindness for granted.不要把他的友善看作是當然的事。(介詞短語作賓補)
1 基本句型一:主謂結構
句式結構:主語十謂語(動詞)
這種句型中的動詞大多是不及物動詞:appear,apologize,arrive,come,die,disappear,fall,happen,rise等。
如:Li Ming works very hard.李明工作很努力。
The sun rises in the east.太陽從東方升起。
2 基本句型二:主謂賓結構
句式結構:主語+謂語(動詞)+賓語
如:He found a bird in the tree.他發(fā)現(xiàn)樹上有一只鳥。
I like this book.我喜歡這本書。
3 基本句型三:主系表結構
句式結構:主語+系動詞+表語
常見的系動詞有:be(是),get(變得),become(成為),turn(變得),look(看起來),feel(感到),smell(聞起來),taste(嘗起來),sound(聽起來),seem(似乎)
⒈ 表示狀態(tài)的連系動詞有be,look,seem,appear,smell,taste,sound,keep,remain等。
如:We should keep quiet any time.我們在任何時候都應該保持安靜。
⒉ 表示轉變或結果的系動詞有:become,get,grow,turn,go,come,prove等。
如:Spring comes.It is warmer and warmer. 春天到了,天與戀得越來越暖和。
4 基本句型四
句式結構:主語十謂語(動詞)十間接賓語“人”十直接賓語“物”結構,但若要先說出直接賓語(事物),后說間接賓語(人),則要借助于介詞to或for。
⒈ 用to側重指動作的方向,表示朝著,向著,對著某人;間接賓語前需要加to的常用動詞有:bring,give,hand,lend,offer,pass,pay,read,sell,send,show,teach,tell wish,write等。
如:Can you send a letter to her?你可以寄一封信給她嗎?
⒉ 用for側重指動作的受益者,表示為了某人,替某人;間接賓語前需要加for的常用動詞有:buy,choose,make,order,paint,play(演奏),sing,等。
如:He bought a piano for his sister.
5 基本句型五:主謂賓補結構
句式結構:主語+謂語+賓語+賓補
此句型的句子的共同特點是:動詞雖然是及物動詞,但是只跟一個賓語還不能表達完整的意思,必須加上一個補充成分來補足賓語。call(叫),choose(選),find(發(fā)現(xiàn)),make,name(命名)
如:She kept us waiting for over three hours.她讓我們等了3個多小時。
We tried to make her happy.我們盡量使她高興。
1 并列結構作主語時的主謂一致
⒈ 由and 連接主語時
and 連接的兩個或多個單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞、不可數(shù)名詞或代詞作主語時根據(jù)意義或概念確定謂語用單數(shù)或復數(shù)
① 并列主語表示不同的人、物或概念時謂語動詞用復數(shù)
如:Like many others,the little tramp and the naughty boy have rushed there in search of gold.小流浪漢和調(diào)皮的小男孩也趕到那里尋找金子。
② 并列主語表示同一個人、物或概念時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式
如:The professor and writer is speaking at the meeting.那位教授兼作家正在會上發(fā)言。
His lawyer and former college friend was with him on his trip to Europe.他的律師兼大學時代的朋友陪他去歐洲旅行。
注意:指同一個人或物時,并列主語前只用一個冠詞;指不同的需要分別加冠詞;但兩個名詞具有分別的對立的意思時只需要一個冠詞即可
如:the writer and the educator have visited our school.
the writer and educator has visited our school.
A boy and girl are playing tennis.
③ 并列主語前有each,every,many a,no等修飾時謂語動詞用單數(shù)
如:Each doctor and (each)nurse working in the hospital was asked to help patients.
Every man,woman and child is entitled to take part in the activity.
Every boy and (every)girl admires him for his fine sense of humour.
Many a boy and (many a)girl has made the same mistake.
No boy and no girl is there now.沒有任何男孩和女孩在那里
注意:many a跟單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞但是表示復數(shù)意義翻譯為很多
如:Many a student was disappointed after seeing the movie.
④ 并列主語為不可分的整體時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)
如:A law and rule about protecting environment has been drawn up.
The knife and fork has been washed.
War and peace is a constant theme in history.
注意;常被視為主體的結構
A cup and saucer一副杯碟
A horse and car馬車
Aknife and fork一副刀叉
A law and rule法規(guī)
A needle and thread一套針線
Fish and chips炸魚加炸薯條
The stars and stripes星條旗
⒉ 由(either)…or或neither…nor等連接的主語時
由either…or;neither…nor;or;not only…but(also)…連接主語時,謂語動詞陳述句中就近原則
如:Either you or Jane is to be sent to New York.
Neither you nor he has finished the experiment.
Not only the old farmer but also his family were friendly to me.
Not only his friends but also he himself is looking forward to taking part in the party.
⒊ 主語由肯定否定兩部分構成謂語跟肯定部分走
如:Not you but I am to answer the question.
I,not you,am to answer the question.
2 單一主語的主謂一致
⒈ 名詞本身自帶s作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)
① 學科名詞:physics物理;mathematics/maths 數(shù)學;economics 經(jīng)濟學;politics政治學;新聞news;體操Gymnastics
如:As we know,Physics is a fundamental subject in science.醒是自然科學中的一門基礎學科。
Mathematics is a required course for middle school student.數(shù)學是中學生的一門必修課。
Einstein once said,"Politics is much more difficult than physics."
注意:當mathematics 表示運算時謂語動詞用單數(shù)復數(shù)皆可
如:If my mathematics is/are right,the answer is 56.如果我的運算正確,答案就是56。
The television news is at 7clock in the evening every day.
Gymnastics is my sistes fav ourite sport.
② 有些名詞單復數(shù)同行根據(jù)是單數(shù)概念還是復數(shù)概念判斷謂語
如:means 方式方法
aircraft飛機
works 工廠
crossroads 十字路口
deer鹿
sheep羊
fish魚
This works was build in 1982.
By far,three steelworks have been closed down in this city.
This means of transport has been tried.
All possible means have been tried.
③ 由兩部分組成的物體名詞作主語時,謂語動詞用復數(shù)
如:chopsticks筷子
compasses圓規(guī)
glasses眼鏡
gloves手套
Jeans牛仔褲
shoes鞋子
scissors剪子
shorts 短褲
socks短襪
trousers 褲子
My trousers are white and his clothes are black.我的褲子是白色的,他的衣服是黑色的。
Why are your shoes so dirty?
注意:如果這些詞由單位詞(a pair of,a suit of,a piece of,a kind of等)靠飾時,單位詞的單復數(shù)決定謂語動詞的單復數(shù)
如:A pair of scissors is lying in that drawer.
These kinds of glasses are popular this summer.
④ 表示國家、人名、書名、組織機構等的專有名詞作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)
如:The united States is a developed country
The New York Times is widely read in the world.
⑤ 以-s結尾的群島、山脈、海峽、瀑布等專有名詞謂語動詞用復數(shù)
如:The Himalayas have a magnificent variety of plants.植物種類繁多
The Niagara Falls are splendid waterfalls.
⑥ 以-s結尾的名詞作主語時謂語動詞用復數(shù)
如:belongings財產(chǎn)
clothes衣服
plastics塑料制品
eamings收入
goods貨物
leavings剩余
savings儲存
All the goods are very expensive.
⒉ 集體名詞作主語時
① mankind,humanity,man 作主語時,謂語一般用單數(shù)
如:Only man knows how to cook.有人懂得烹飪
注意:mankind表示“人(類)”有時表示復數(shù)意義,其表語是復數(shù)。
如:Mankind are intelligent animals人是理智的動物.
② people,police,cattle,youte作主語時,只有單數(shù)形式,但卻表示復數(shù)意義謂語動詞用復數(shù)
如:The police are investigating the riot.
The cattle are grazing the the filed.
Many cattle were killed for this.
注意:people作民族講時有復數(shù)形式。
如:There are 56 peoples in China.
③ family,crowd 等作主語時,根據(jù)概念確定謂語動詞
這類集體名詞有:Army;assembly; audience;band;class;club;committee;company;congress;youth crew;crowd enemy;family gang;govermment group herd;jury population;public team 強調(diào)整體,用單數(shù)謂語;強調(diào)個體,用復數(shù)謂語。
如:The family is going to move to New York.
The farmily have different opinions about their going abroad.
The football club committee arranges all the matches.
The football club committee have decided to dismiss him.
比較:
A family,a group,a class作主語時用單數(shù)謂語
Families,groups,classes作主語時用復數(shù)謂語
如:A group is coming to the zoo.人正朝著動物園走來。
④ baggage/luggage(行李),clothing(衣服),furniture(家具),machinery(機器),poetry(詩),scenery(風景),jewery(珠寶),equipment(設備)等,是不可數(shù)名詞,只用單數(shù)形式,不用不定冠詞(當然更不能用數(shù)詞)
如:Our clothing protects us from (against) the cold.我們的衣服可以御寒。
Have you checked all your baggage?你所有行李都托運了嗎?
注意:machinery,poetry,jewelry,scenery 等相應的個體可數(shù)名詞是machine,poem,jewel,scene等。如:a poem/a piece of poetry(一首詩),many machines/much machinery /many pieces of machinery(許多機器)。
⑤ hair的用法
hair(頭發(fā),毛發(fā))指全部頭發(fā)或毛發(fā)時,為集合名詞(可數(shù));指幾根頭發(fā)或毛發(fā)時,為個體名詞(可數(shù))。
如:My hair has grown very long.我的頭發(fā)已長得很長了.
The police found two hairs there.警察在那兒找到了兩根頭發(fā).
⑥ fruit的用法
fruit(水果)作為集合名詞它通常是不可數(shù)的。
如:He doesnt eat much fruit.他不大吃水果.
He is growing fruit in the country.他在鄉(xiāng)下種水果.
但是,當要表示種類時,它可視為可數(shù)名詞,即a fruit 指一種水果,fruits指多種水果。
比較:Some fruits have thick skins.有些水果皮很厚。
⒊ 非謂語動詞或從句作主語時
① 非謂語動詞或從句作主語時謂語動詞用單數(shù)
如:To improve agricultural land needs a lot of money.
To see is to believe.
Swimming is a good way to keep health.
How they will solve the problem remains to be seen.
Whether she will come is not known.
② 多個非謂語動詞作主語,表達一個概念謂語用單數(shù),表達不同概念謂語用復數(shù)
如:Going to be early and getting up early is good for your health.(早睡早起一個概念)
Reading books and playing table tennis are my great pleasure.(讀書和打乒乓球是兩個概念)
Listening,speaking,reading and writing are all important.
To be strict with oneself and to be kind to others are good qualities of a person.
3 其他情況的主謂一致
⒈ 表示距離、時間、長度、金額、質量等的復數(shù)名詞作主語時常被看作是整體謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
這類復數(shù)名詞有:miles,dollars,pounds,kilograms公斤/千克,kilometres公里,centimetres厘米,millimetres 毫米,seconds,hours,years等
如:Five dollars seems a fair price.是一個公道的價格
Two kilometres is not very far for the young man
Five hours is a short time for such a difficult job
⒉ 如果強調(diào)數(shù)目謂語動詞用復數(shù)
如:One hundred cents make a dollar.
More than twenty years have passed since they got married.
⒊ 算數(shù)中的謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式,有時也用復數(shù)
如:Five times eight is/are forty
Four and eight makes/make twelve
Sixty minus seven leaves fifty-three
Forty-eight divided by six is eight
⒋ 復合不定代詞作主語時謂語動詞用單數(shù)
如:Everyone something anybody nowhere.
Everyone in the class was surprised at the news.
Listen!Someone is knocking at the door.
Is anyone going to tell him the news?
⒌ each one of…,every one of…,anyone of…,one of…等作主語時謂語用單數(shù)
如:Each of the girl in our class has a balioon.我們班每個女孩都有一個氣球
Each of the students was asked to speak for three minutes.
Every one of them is familiar to me.截對他們都很熟悉
⒍ each,every作形容詞修飾主語時謂語動詞用單數(shù),但是each作復數(shù)主語的同位語時謂語用復數(shù)
如:Each/Every boy in our class has a skateboard.副滑板
They each have a stateboard.
Each/Every student has an English-Chinese dictionary.
The students each have an English-Chinese dictionary.
⒎ none of +不可數(shù)名詞,謂語用單數(shù);none of,neither of+可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)/復數(shù)代詞,謂語動詞單復數(shù)皆可。
either of/None of that money in the desk is his.(不數(shù)名詞)
None of his classmates knows the truth.=None of his classmates know the truth.
Neither of the statements is true =Neither of the statements are ture.兩種說法沒有一個真實。
如:Either of the qualifications is acceptable=Either of the qualifications are acceptable.
⒏ neither 與either 做形容詞修飾單數(shù)名詞時謂語動詞用單數(shù)
如:Either qualification is acceptable.兩種資格中的任何一種都可以接受
Neither qualification is acceptable.
⒐ 分數(shù)百分數(shù)+of+名詞,some of,plenty of,a lot of,lots of,most of,the rest of,all(of),half(of)謂語常與of 后面的名詞一致;分數(shù)百分數(shù)+of+復數(shù)名詞/復數(shù)代詞,謂語動詞用復數(shù);分數(shù)/百分數(shù)+of+單數(shù)名詞/單數(shù)代詞,謂語動詞用單數(shù)
如:Two thirds of the students support the plan.(復數(shù)名詞)
One tenth of them are suffering from this kind of illness.(復數(shù)代詞)
Three fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.(單數(shù)名詞)
Eighty percent of the employees in the company are from Bejing.(百分數(shù)數(shù)復數(shù)名詞)
Thirty percent of its area is flooded each year.(百分數(shù)單數(shù)名詞)
The rest of the money belongs to you.
The rest of the students speak for it.
Half of the apple is rotten.
Half of the apples are rotten.
⒑ “more than one單數(shù)名詞”結構作主語,盡管從意義上看是復數(shù),但它的謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式;“more+復數(shù)名詞+than one”結構作主語時,謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。
r如:More than one person has known the news.不止一個人知道了這個消息。
More students than one are for your proposal.很多學生同意你的計劃。
⒒ a number of +復數(shù)名詞謂語用復數(shù)(許多的);The number of 名詞謂語動詞用單數(shù)(…的數(shù)量)
如:A number of trees are green in April.
Agreat number of tourists have been to the Great Wall.
A large number of worker were out of work because the factory was destroyed in flood.
The number of students in the computer class is limited to ten.
The nunber of workers who were out of work was 1,000.
⒓ there/here...引導句子時就近原則
如:There are some chairs and a table in the room。
There is a table and some chairs in the room。
Here are some gifts for you。
Here is a book,a pen and some paper for you.
⒔ 當主語后接修飾語時
With,along with,together with,but,besides,except,like,including,in addition to,as well as,rather than,謂語動詞與前面的主語保持一致
如:A library with five thousand books is offered to the nation as a gift.被作為禮物送給了這個國家。
The teacher,along with her students,is going to attend the lecture.
Apeasant,together with some soldiers,is about to help us.
All but one have arrived here.除了一個人外所有人都到了。
No one except two students was late for class.沒有其他人上課遲到
The garage,in addition to the house,was burned.
She as well as the other girls is going to another supermarked.
You as well as I are wrong.
The father,rather than the brother,is responsible.父親而不是兄弟們應當負責。
⒕ The+形容詞做主語時,表示一類人用復數(shù)謂語,表示抽象概念用單數(shù)謂語
如:The injured were carried away on stretchers.跟擔架抬走了
The old are more likely to catch cold than the young.
The rich are for the decision but the poor are against it.
The young are always full of vitality.
The unknown is always something to be feared.
The beautiful is not always the good,and the good is not always the true.美未必是善善未必是真
The true is to be distinguished from the false.真應與假相區(qū)別
The good is what people like.人們總是喜歡美好的東西
In many stories,the good are well rewarded and the bad are punished.好人有好報壞人有壞報。
⒖ all 做主語時指一切表示單數(shù)概念用單數(shù)謂語,指具體人或物用復數(shù)謂語
如:All has been tried.一切都試過了
All were silent.大家都一言不發(fā)
All was silent.萬籟俱寂
All are here now.大家都在
⒗ 由 a kind of,this kind of,many kinds of,名詞+of this kind,a type of a sort of謂語動詞根據(jù)of 后面的名詞來定
如:A new type of machine is on show now.
Machines of this kind are made in Wuhan.
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