原標題：名詞單數(shù)變復數(shù)的十大規(guī)則以及名詞單數(shù)變復數(shù)時S/ES的發(fā)音規(guī)則

Nouns: Common Nouns and Proper Nouns

名詞：普通名詞與專有名詞

A noun is a word that names a person, an animal, a place, a thing, or an idea. All nouns can be further classified as a proper or common noun. A common noun is a general way of classifying something, and a proper noun is a specific way of classifying something, and proper nouns are always capitalized in English, no matter where they fall in a sentence.

名詞是表示人物、動物、地點、物品或概念的詞。名詞可分為專有名詞和普通名詞。普通名詞指人或事物總類的名詞。專有名詞指的是表示特定的人或事物的名詞，一般情況下專有名詞的首字母要大寫。

So, for example, the word dog is a common noun; but if your dog was called Fido, the word Fido is a proper noun.

比如，dog這個詞是一個普通名詞；但如果狗的名字叫Fido，F(xiàn)ido這個詞就是一個專有名詞。

★ My favorite newspaper (common noun) is the Washington Post (proper noun).

★ Her husband (common noun) is called Frank (proper noun).

★ The award-winning Babe Ruth (proper noun) is the greatest baseball player (common noun) in history.

Concrete Nouns and Abstract Nouns:

具體名詞與抽象名詞：

◆ Concrete Nouns are nouns that can be physically experienced through taste, touch, sight, hearing, or smell.

具體名詞是通過五感可以看到或接觸到的名詞，如book, tree, water, sand, pen, house, sugar, phone, cloud, petrol, boy, girl, teacher, student等。

◆ Abstract Nouns, unlike concrete nouns, are ideas, concepts and emotions.

抽象名詞指抽象概念的名稱,這些概念是看不見摸不著，這類名詞包括想法、概念、情緒等。如love, beauty, happiness, youth, failure, success等。

Countable and Uncountable Nouns:

可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞：

Countable nouns are for things we can count using numbers. They have a singular and a plural form. The singular form can use the determiner "a" or "an". If you want to ask about the quantity of a countable noun, you ask "How many?" combined with the plural countable noun.

可數(shù)名詞是可以用數(shù)目來計算的名詞?？蓴?shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復數(shù)形式。單數(shù)形式可以用限定詞 “a”或 “an”來修飾。用“How many + 可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù)形式?”提問。

★ She has three dogs.

★ 她有三只狗。

★ I would like two books please.

★ 我想要兩本書，謝謝。

★ How many friends do you have?

★ 你有多少個朋友？

Uncountable nouns or noncount nouns are for the things that we cannot count with numbers. They usually do not have a plural form. We cannot use a/an or a number with these nouns. To express a quantity of an uncountable noun, use a word or expression like some, a lot of, much, a bit of, a great deal of, or use an exact measurement like a cup of, a bag of, 1kg of, 1L of, a handful of, a pinch of. If you want to ask about the quantity of an uncountable noun, you ask "How much?"

不可數(shù)名詞是無法用數(shù)目來計算的名詞，沒有復數(shù)形式。不能用限定詞 “a”或 “an”或者數(shù)字來修飾。要想表達數(shù)量，我們可以用some，a lot of，much，a bit of，a great deal of，或 a cup of，a bag of，1kg of，1L of，a handful of（一把），a pinch of（一撮）等詞。用“How much?”提問。

Types of Uncountable Nouns不可數(shù)名詞有哪些:

◆ Liquids and Gases液體和氣體: water, juice, milk, beer, tea, olive oil, soup, blood, honey, gas, air, petrol, gasoline, oxygen, nitrogen

◆ Powders粉末: sugar, flour, salt, rice, sand, soil, dust

◆ Materials材料: wood, plastic, metal, paper, silk, gold, copper, iron, stone, glass

◆ Food食物: fruit, meat, chicken, beef, pork, mutton, fish cheese, bread, butter

◆ Subject學科: art, geography, English, science, biology, physics

◆ Natural Phenomenon自然現(xiàn)象: fog, ice, rain, snow, weather, sunrise, sunset

◆ Names of Sports and Activities運動或活動的名稱:

baseball, dancing, yoga, hockey, reading, hiking

◆ Abstract Ideas抽象概念: time, information, love, beauty, knowledge, happiness, money, advice, education, pride, wisdom, trust, youth

★ There has been a lot of research into the causes of this disease.

★ 對這種疾病的病因研究已有很多。

★ He gave me a great deal of advice before my interview.

★ 他在面試前給了我很多建議。

★ How much bread do you need?

★你需要多少面包？

Countable nouns have singular and plural forms:

可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)和復數(shù)：

Plural Nouns Rules可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)變復數(shù)規(guī)則:

1. Add S to form the plural of most nouns:

大多數(shù)名詞變復數(shù)直接在名詞末尾加s:

girl – girls / apples – apples/ tree - trees

2. Add ES to nouns that end in ch, sh, s, x, or z:

以ch, sh, s, x, z結(jié)尾名詞加es:

bench – benches / dish – dishes /

bus – buses/box - boxes

有時需要雙寫輔音字母，再加es, 如quizzes，當ch發(fā)/k/音時，直接加s，如stomachs。

3. For nouns that end in Y with a consonant before the Y, change the Y to I and add ES:

以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i，再加es:

candy – candies / puppy - puppies

4. For nouns that end in Y with a vowel before the Y, just add S:

以“元音字母+y”結(jié)尾的名詞，直接在詞尾加s:

toy – toys / monkey – monkeys / boy - boys

5. For nouns that end in F or FE, drop the F or FE and add VES:

以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞，去掉f或fe，加ves:

loaf – loaves / knife – knives / leaf – leaves/

wife – wives / shelf – shelves / thief - thieves

例外: beliefs, roofs, chefs, proofs, handcuffs, safes保險柜; 當以ff結(jié)尾時，直接加s，如cliffs。

6. For nouns that end with a consonant before an O, add ES:

以“輔音字母+o”結(jié)尾的名詞加es:

potato – potatoes 土豆 / tomato – tomatoes 西紅柿

cargo – cargoes 貨物 / echo – echoes 回聲

hero – heroes 英雄

例外: zeros, photos, tacos, pianos, autos.

以“元音字母+o”結(jié)尾的名詞，直接在詞尾加s，如radios收音機，stereos音響, bamboos竹子, zoos動物園, ratios比率。

7. Some nouns, change the spelling of the singular noun:

不規(guī)則變化：Man-men, woman-women, child-children, mouse-mice, tooth-teeth, foot-feet, goose-geese, ox-oxen, person-people, die-dice

8. Some nouns, use the same singular and plural form:

單復同形：deer-deer; fish-fish; sheep-sheep;

moose-moose; aircraft – aircraft; Chinese – Chinese; Japanese – Japanese; Swiss - Swiss

9. Some nouns are never singular, and we always use their plural forms:

有些名詞我們只使用其復數(shù)形式：

★ trousers褲子; jeans牛仔褲; pants褲子;

★ glasses眼鏡; sunglasses太陽鏡; clothes衣服;

★ scissors剪刀; pajamas睡衣; gloves手套;

★ suspenders吊帶; spectacles眼鏡; scales天平;

★ shoes鞋; shorts短褲; socks襪子; stockings長筒襪；

★ ashes灰塵; remains殘骸; belongings財產(chǎn);

★ savings儲蓄; commons平民; stairs樓梯; wages工資;

★ outskirts郊區(qū); surroundings環(huán)境; lodgings出租屋

10. Words about nouns in English that have Latin and Greek origins:

拉丁語和希臘語來源的英語名詞變復數(shù)：

How to Say Plural Endings -S/-ES:

名詞變復數(shù)S/ES的發(fā)音規(guī)則:

The way this ending is pronounced depends on the last sound of the noun in singular form. There are three different cases:

名詞變復數(shù)時詞尾的發(fā)音取決于名詞單數(shù)形式時最后一個發(fā)音，有三種情況：

◆ We say /s/ after the voiceless consonants /f, k, p, t, θ/:

在清輔音/f, k, p, t, θ/后發(fā)/s/:

cups /k?ps/; book / b?ks/; hats /h?ts/.

◆ We say /z/ after voiced consonants /b, d, g, l, m, n, ?, r v, e/ and vowel sounds:

在濁輔音/b, d, g, l, m, n, ?, r v, e/和元音后發(fā)/z/:

beds /bedz/; games /ge?mz/;

toys /t??z/; parties /?pɑ:tiz/

◆ We say /?z/ for nouns with the final sound /s, z, ?, ?, t?, d?/, usually including nouns that end in ch, sh, s, x, or z that we add ES for the plural:

以/s, z, ?, ?, t?, d?/結(jié)尾的名詞，通常包括以ch, sh, s, x, z結(jié)尾的名詞加es變復數(shù)，發(fā)/?z/：

buses /b?s?z/; wish /w???z/; ages /eid?iz/;

watches /w?t?iz/; foxes /f?ksiz/

★ My sister has one child; my brother has two children.

★ 我姐姐有一個孩子；我弟弟有兩個孩子。

★ I’m a quiet person, so I don’t talk to many people.

★ 我是個安靜的人，所以我不和很多人說話。

★ Did you catch one fish or two fish at the lake?

★ 你在湖邊抓了一條魚還是兩條魚？

★ I have one pair of glasses and two pairs of sunglasses.

★我有一副眼鏡和兩副太陽鏡。

★ He has one cactus in his front yard, but many cacti in his backyard.

★他的前院有一棵仙人掌，但他的后院有很多仙人掌。返回搜狐，查看更多

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