2020年12月新聞熱詞匯總
12月是總結(jié)的月份,中國媒體十大流行詞和十大新詞語發(fā)布;嫦娥五號完成我國首次地外天體采樣返回任務(wù);海南全省實施“禁塑令”;天津立法禁止收集個人生物識別信息;我國開始重點人群新冠疫苗接種;京雄城際鐵路開通運營;太極拳申遺成功;反食品浪費法草案一審;盲盒制造商上市引熱議;刑法完成新一輪大修,刑事責(zé)任年齡作出調(diào)整;教育部頒布《中小學(xué)教育懲戒規(guī)則(試行)》。

固體廢物 solid waste
生態(tài)環(huán)境部、商務(wù)部、發(fā)展改革委、海關(guān)總署發(fā)布《關(guān)于全面禁止進(jìn)口固體廢物有關(guān)事項的公告》(以下簡稱《公告》)。
China will ban all imports of solid waste from Jan 1, 2021, authorities have said.The dumping, stacking and disposal of waste products from overseas on Chinese territory will also be banned, according to the notice.《公告》明確,從2021年1月1日起,我國將全面禁止進(jìn)口固體廢物,禁止我國境外的固體廢物進(jìn)境傾倒、堆放、處置。
【知識點】
進(jìn)口固體廢物(imported solid waste),有時也被稱為洋垃圾(foreign garbage),有時又特指以走私、夾帶等方式進(jìn)口國家禁止進(jìn)口的固體廢物(banned solid waste smuggled into China)或未經(jīng)許可擅自進(jìn)口屬于限制進(jìn)口的固體廢物。
上世紀(jì)80年代,我國開始進(jìn)口固體廢物作為一種原材料的來源(import solid waste as a source of raw materials)。多年來,盡管國內(nèi)的垃圾處理能力較弱(a weak capacity in garbage disposal),我國一直是全球最大的固體廢物進(jìn)口國。近年來,部分企業(yè)為獲利,非法將洋垃圾(foreign garbage)運入國內(nèi),對環(huán)境和公眾健康造成威脅(pose a threat to the environment and public health)。
2017年7月18日,中國正式通知世界貿(mào)易組織,從2017年年底開始將不再接收外來垃圾,包括廢棄塑膠(plastic waste)、紙類(paper waste)及紡織品(fabrics)等。
Since the country began to phase out waste imports in 2017, the volume of imported waste has fallen by 68 percent, from 42 million to 13 million metric tons last year, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment said.
生態(tài)環(huán)境部表示,自2017年我國開始逐漸減少廢物進(jìn)口以來,固體廢物進(jìn)口量由2017年的4200萬噸減少至2019年的1300萬噸,整體減少了68%。
【單詞講解】
Garbage,rubbish, trash 和 waste 在英語里都有“垃圾、廢物”的意思,它們的區(qū)別在于在哪個說英語的國家更常用。Garbage 是垃圾的美式英語說法;rubbish 是英式英語垃圾的意思;trash 也是美式英語垃圾的意思,但是它也可以用來指不值得尊重的人;waste 是一個正式用語,指沒有利用價值的東西,包括廢品、垃圾、廢物、廢料或者指時間、金錢、精力等的浪費。
From January to Nov 15, the volume was 7.18 million tons, it added.
截至2020年11月15日,全國固體廢物進(jìn)口總量為718萬噸。
禁塑令 plastics ban
《海南經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)禁止一次性不可降解塑料制品規(guī)定》12月1日起正式實施。

Disposable plastic bags and tableware that are non-degradable have been banned from production, sale and use starting Tuesday in Chinas island province of Hainan.12月1日起,海南省全面禁止一次性不可降解塑料袋、塑料餐飲具等用品的生產(chǎn)、銷售及使用。
【單詞講解】
在有關(guān)“禁塑令”的報道中,我們經(jīng)常會看到disposable這個詞。Disposable表示“designed to be used once or only a limited number of times and then thrown away(使用一次或限定的次數(shù)之后就可以丟棄的)”,用來形容塑料袋(plastic bags)等制品,多表示“一次性的”,與single-use意思類似;此外disposable還可以表示“可自由支配的”,比如國家統(tǒng)計局發(fā)布的統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)中經(jīng)常會有一項是“人均可支配收入”就是per capita disposable income,指的就是扣除各項稅金以及社保繳費后,居民真正拿到手可以自由支配的那部分收入。
The first batch of items to be banned include products such as disposable plastic bags, packaging bags, meal boxes, bowls, drink cups and straws made from non-biodegradable polymers.
列入首批禁塑名錄的產(chǎn)品包括一次性塑料袋、包裝袋、餐盒、碗、水杯以及吸管等不可降解聚合物制品。
On the list of substitutes are items such as biodegradable plastic bags; paper, cloth and linen bags; and reusable baskets made of plastic or other materials such as wicker and bamboo, according to the provincial authorities.海南省政府表示,可使用的替代品包括可降解塑料袋、紙袋、布袋以及亞麻布袋,可重復(fù)使用的塑料籃子、柳條籃、竹籃等。
自2018年開始,海南率先開展禁止生產(chǎn)銷售使用一次性不可降解塑料制品工作。
Starting in August, the province launched a pilot program on phasing out single-use non-degradable plastic products in places such as Party and government organizations, State-owned enterprises, schools, tourist attractions, big supermarkets and hospitals.今年8月起,海南分階段、分區(qū)域、分重點在全省黨政機關(guān)事業(yè)單位、國企、學(xué)校、旅游景區(qū)、大型商超、醫(yī)院等重點行業(yè)場所開展“禁塑”試點工作。
【單詞講解】
這里的短語phase out表示“逐步淘汰,逐步停止”,因為phase本身就有“階段”的意思,所以phase out強調(diào)的就是分階段、一步一步地停止。比如:They phased out my job in favor of a computer.(他們一步步用電腦取代了我的崗位)。這個短語的名詞形式是phase-out,比如:The project is currently in its phase-out period.(這個項目目前處于逐步收尾階段)。
培育發(fā)展替代品全產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈
Hainan has also been cultivating and developing eco-friendly substitutes for non-degradable plastic products. It is expected to form a complete industrial chain of fully biodegradable materials and products between 2022 and 2023.海南省一直在培育發(fā)展不可降解塑料產(chǎn)品的環(huán)保替代產(chǎn)品,將于2022年至2023年前后形成全生物降解材料及制品完整產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈。
Currently, seven enterprises in the province are able to produce fully biodegradable plastics. By year-end, their production capacity of biodegradable plastic films and bags is set to hit 32,000 tons a year, while that of tableware would reach 11,000 tons a year.目前已有7家省內(nèi)企業(yè)具備全生物降解塑料制品生產(chǎn)能力,年底可形成膜袋類產(chǎn)能3.2萬噸/年,餐飲具產(chǎn)能約1.1萬噸/年。
今年1月,我國發(fā)布《關(guān)于進(jìn)一步加強塑料污染治理的意見》,提出到2025年,塑料制品生產(chǎn)、流通、消費和回收處置等環(huán)節(jié)的管理制度基本建立(establish a complete plastics management system),多元共治體系基本形成,替代產(chǎn)品開發(fā)應(yīng)用水平進(jìn)一步提升(make progress in the development of substitute products),重點城市塑料垃圾填埋量大幅降低(significantly reduce the amount of plastic waste going to landfills),塑料污染得到有效控制(bring plastic pollution under effective control)。
二維碼互通 mutual acceptance of QR code
12月1日起,北京、上海地鐵乘車二維碼實現(xiàn)互聯(lián)互通。
The service, effective on Tuesday, allows the QR code on the respective apps in Beijing and Shanghai to be accepted for payments in the subway system of both cities.自12月1日起,北京和上海的地鐵乘車二維碼均可用于兩市地鐵系統(tǒng)票款支付。
【單詞講解】
英語中關(guān)于“地鐵”的詞匯包括subway、metro、underground、the tube等,到底用哪個更合適主要取決于你身在何處。Subway多見于美式英語,由sub(在...之下)+way(道路)組合而成,表示“在路面之下運行的線路”,符合美式英式簡單直白的特點。Metro這個詞來源于法語métropolitain,1900年,法國巴黎第一條地鐵就叫metropolitan railroad,之后簡稱為metro,并被吸收進(jìn)英語詞匯,目前世界上很多城市的地鐵都叫metro。Underground多見于英式英語,但是因為大部分線路都在地下隧道中運行,所以英國人一般都會把地鐵稱為“the tube”。值得一提的是,美式英語中表示“地鐵”的subway在英式英語中卻表示“地下通道”,這一點可不要忽略哦。
Beijing and Shanghai have the largest metro networks in China, each handling more than 10 million passenger trips on a daily basis, with frequent travels between the two cities.
北京和上海擁有全國最龐大的地鐵系統(tǒng),每天的客流量超過1000萬人次,兩地之間的出行也很頻繁。
Authorities in Shanghai said the interconnected payment method is expected to be expanded to more subway systems in other regions.
上海市管理部門表示,這種互聯(lián)互通的支付方式有望推廣到其他地區(qū)的地鐵系統(tǒng)。
上海地鐵禁止電子設(shè)備聲音外放
12月1日,新修訂的《上海市軌道交通乘客守則》開始施行。
Passengers are banned from playing music or videos on speakers of their digital devices or making hands-free mobile phone calls in the subway cars, according to the new rules.
新規(guī)明確,地鐵乘客不得在車廂內(nèi)使用電子設(shè)備外放音樂或觀看視頻,不得開揚聲器打電話。
Passengers who use the speakers of their digital devices will be stopped by metro workers and law enforcement officers, or handed over to the police if they refuse to obey the new rules.
一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)乘客手機外放的行為,地鐵站務(wù)的工作人員和執(zhí)法人員會進(jìn)行勸阻。實在不聽勸阻的,將送交公安機關(guān)處理。
離婚冷靜期 cooling-off period
《中華人民共和國民法典》將于2021年1月1日起正式施行,其中新增的“離婚冷靜期”受到網(wǎng)民關(guān)注。

Under the Civil Code, which comes into effect on Jan 1, couples will have a 30-day cooling-off period after handing their divorce application to the civil affairs department. During the period, either party can withdraw the application.《中華人民共和國民法典》將于2021年1月1日起正式施行,其中規(guī)定,夫妻雙方在向民政部門提交離婚申請后,要經(jīng)歷30天“冷靜期”,在此期間,任何一方可撤回申請。
【詞匯講解】
這里的cooling-off來源于動詞短語cool off,可表示“變涼,冷靜”等意思,比如:Make sure you cool off the broccoli in ice water after you boil it.(西藍(lán)花用熱水煮過以后記得放冰水里冷卻。)Dont talk to your mother like that! Go to your room and cool off!(不許那樣跟你媽媽說話!回你的房間冷靜一下?。?/p>
After 30 days, if both parties still insist on divorce, they should proceed to the civil affairs department in person and ask for the issuance of their divorce certificates. Otherwise, they will be treated as having withdrawn the application.
三十天后,如果雙方仍然堅持要離婚,雙方要共同親自到婚姻登記機關(guān)申請離婚證,而其間雙方?jīng)]有共同親自到場申請離婚證的,即視為撤回離婚登記申請。
針對網(wǎng)友擔(dān)憂,“離婚‘難度’增大,會不會給婚姻弱勢一方造成更大傷害?”“家暴受害者能順利離婚嗎?”
民政部社會事務(wù)司二級巡視員楊宗濤回應(yīng),
The application system should only be used by couples who had reached an amiable agreement. Situations involving domestic violence are better served through the court system.關(guān)于離婚冷靜期制度的規(guī)定只適用于協(xié)議離婚。對于有家暴情形的,當(dāng)事人可向法院起訴離婚。
生物識別信息 personal bioinformation
天津市人大常委會于近日表決通過了《天津市社會信用條例》(以下簡稱《條例》)。該《條例》將自2021年1月1日起實施,這也是全國首個公開禁止采集人臉識別信息的法規(guī)。
North Chinas Tianjin municipality will prohibit businesses and institutes from collecting personal bioinformation starting next year, amid heightened public concerns over the uncontrolled use of facial recognition, now employed in mobile payment, test-taking, and even public restrooms.華北地區(qū)的天津市將從明年起禁止企業(yè)事業(yè)單位等收集個人生物信息。人臉識別如今已被廣泛應(yīng)用于移動支付、考試甚至公共衛(wèi)生間等場所,這種無序使用狀況引發(fā)公眾擔(dān)憂。
【單詞講解】
這里的municipality指我國行政區(qū)劃中的“直轄市”,完整的表述為 centrally administered municipality(中央直接管轄的城市),直轄市與?。╬rovinces)、自治區(qū)(autonomous regions)相當(dāng),省、自治區(qū)內(nèi)的其他城市我們多用city表示。
個人生物信息(personal bioinformation)通常包括指紋(fingerprints)、掌紋(palm prints)、虹膜(irises)、面部特征(facial patterns)、聲音模式(voice patterns)以及DNA等信息。
《條例》規(guī)定,
Market credit information providers will be banned from collecting information needed for biorecognition and other personal data, including religion, blood type, and medical history.市場信用信息提供單位不得采集自然人的生物識別信息以及宗教信仰、血型、疾病和病史等其他個人信息。
Personal income, savings, and tax records are also protected from information harvesting unless the collectors informed the clients of possible consequence and sought their written permission.市場信用信息提供單位不得采集自然人的收入、存款、納稅數(shù)額等信息,但是明確告知提供該信息可能產(chǎn)生的不利后果并取得其書面同意的除外。
【單詞講解】
這里說到信息“采集”的時候用到了collect和harvest這兩個詞,collect本身就表示“收集、采集”等意思,而harvest除了可以替換collect表示相同的意思之外,它更常見的意思是“收割(莊稼、農(nóng)作物)”,動詞、名詞都可以,比如:Weve been harvesting corn this week.(我們這周都在收玉米。)bountiful harvests(豐收);由此還可以引申出“收獲(獎項、業(yè)績等)”,比如:the team harvested several awards(團(tuán)隊獲得了好幾個獎)。
It will target credit service agents, industry associations, as well as enterprises, and public institutes.
該《條例》適用于信用服務(wù)機構(gòu)、行業(yè)協(xié)會以及企業(yè)事業(yè)單位。
發(fā)熱診室 fever clinics
In a bid to strengthen COVID-19 prevention and control measures, Chinas National Health Commission (NHC) has urged efforts to set up fever clinics in eligible township and community medical institutions.為加強新冠肺炎防控措施,國家衛(wèi)健委要求在有條件的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)衛(wèi)生院和社區(qū)衛(wèi)生服務(wù)中心設(shè)置發(fā)熱診室。
【單詞講解】
這里的clinic多指“a facility (as of a hospital) for diagnosis and treatment of outpatients”,即“診治門診患者的醫(yī)療機構(gòu)”,而在大學(xué)、監(jiān)獄、游輪等場所設(shè)置的“醫(yī)務(wù)室”則多用infirmary表示,這個詞表示“a place where sick people stay and are cared for in a school, prison, summer camp, etc”(學(xué)校、監(jiān)獄、夏令營等場所用來照看病人的地方)。
通知要求:
Such primary-level clinics should conduct pre-examination triage and ensure those with fever have access to services including registration, screening, quarantine, report, treatment and transfer.所有基層醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機構(gòu)均應(yīng)當(dāng)嚴(yán)格落實預(yù)檢分診,確保實現(xiàn)對發(fā)熱患者的登記、篩查、隔離、報告、治療、轉(zhuǎn)診等功能。
【單詞講解】
這里的triage,讀作[tri?ɑ?],可用作動詞或名詞,表示“the sorting of patients (as in an emergency room) according to the urgency of their need for care”,即“根據(jù)病情緊急程度對患者進(jìn)行分類”,也就是我們?nèi)メt(yī)院看病時會經(jīng)歷的“分診”。
Fever clinics are meant to ensure services to patients from the beginning to end and guarantee every febrile patient the right to get treated.
發(fā)熱診室應(yīng)嚴(yán)格實行首診負(fù)責(zé)制,保障每位發(fā)熱患者的就診權(quán)。
Clinics should conduct nucleic acid tests and routine blood tests on all febrile patients. If the clinics are not eligible, such tests should be conducted in collaboration with other institutions.
基層醫(yī)療機構(gòu)需對全部發(fā)熱患者進(jìn)行核酸檢測和血常規(guī)檢查,不具備檢測能力的,需通過與其他醫(yī)療機構(gòu)合作的方式為發(fā)熱患者提供檢測服務(wù)。
Fever clinics should be isolated from general clinics in medical institutions and equipped with facilities for treatment, protection and sterilization. They should have professional staff with anti-epidemic skills.
醫(yī)療機構(gòu)的發(fā)熱診室應(yīng)當(dāng)與普通門(急)診有隔離屏障,應(yīng)當(dāng)配備診療設(shè)備、防護(hù)設(shè)備及消毒設(shè)備等。發(fā)熱診室配備的醫(yī)護(hù)人員應(yīng)具備防疫專業(yè)技能。
珠穆朗瑪峰最新高程 new height of Mount Qomolangma
The new height of Mount Qomolangma, the worlds highest peak, is 8,848.86 meters, according to a joint announcement by China and Nepal on December 8. President Xi Jinping, exchanging letters with his Nepali counterpart Bidya Devi Bhandari, called Mount Qomolangma "an important symbol of the China-Nepal traditional friendship."
12月8日,國家主席習(xí)近平同尼泊爾總統(tǒng)班達(dá)里互致信函,共同宣布世界最高峰珠穆朗瑪峰的最新高程為8848.86米。習(xí)近平指出,珠穆朗瑪峰是中尼兩國世代友好的重要象征。
侵犯他人隱私 invasion of others privacy
12月9日,四川省成都市公安局成華區(qū)分局通過其官方微博發(fā)布通報稱,泄露成都確診女孩信息男子已被行政處罰。
The Chenghua branch of Chengdus public security bureau said in a statement that the man surnamed Wang posted a picture on social media containing identity information and travel records of a woman surnamed Zhao, who was confirmed as a COVID-19 patient on Tuesday. Police said Wangs invasion of others privacy caused baleful effects in society.成都市公安局成華區(qū)分局在通報中表示,這名王姓男子在社交媒體發(fā)布了一張內(nèi)容涉及12月8日確認(rèn)新冠肺炎患者趙姓女子個人身份信息以及行動軌跡的圖片,嚴(yán)重侵犯他人隱私,造成不良社會影響。
【單詞講解】
這里的baleful屬于GRE詞匯,表示“兇惡的,有害的,惡毒的”等意思,除了上文中的baleful effect以外,還可以用來形容某個人的眼光,比如:Bill shot a baleful glance in her direction.(比爾朝她狠毒地瞥了一眼。)
Invasion of privacy表示“侵犯個人隱私”,也可以用privacy infringement表示。Invasion除了可以表示這種抽象意義上的“侵犯”,也經(jīng)常用來表示具體的侵入或侵犯別國領(lǐng)土,比如:They are ready against the possible invasion.(他們防備可能的入侵。)
12月8日,這名趙姓女子確診后,她的行動軌跡在社交媒體被廣泛傳播,引發(fā)網(wǎng)友熱議。針對她此前曾到過多個酒吧這一事實,網(wǎng)友們反應(yīng)不一。
While some netizens defended her movements as typical in the city known for its vibrant nightlife, others lambasted her for spreading the virus through her party lifestyle.有些網(wǎng)友為其辯護(hù),認(rèn)為在成都這樣一個夜生活豐富的城市,她這樣的出行軌跡很正常。另外一些網(wǎng)友則炮轟她這種泡吧的生活方式,稱其導(dǎo)致病毒傳播。
【單詞講解】
這里的lambast雖然也表示“批評”,但是在程度上比我們熟知的criticize要強得多,這個詞表示“criticize someone severely, usually in public”,不只是嚴(yán)厲批評,而且通常是公開批評,用來形容網(wǎng)友在社交媒體平臺的各種“言語炮轟”正合適。
Chengdus public security bureau called on the internet users to express their opinions in a polite and reasonable way. Slander, spreading rumors or infringing upon other peoples rights will be punished according to laws, it said.
成都市公安局呼吁廣大網(wǎng)友有禮有節(jié)地表達(dá)觀點。污蔑、傳謠或侵犯他人權(quán)利的行為將依法受到處罰。
健康碼互認(rèn) mutual recognition of health codes
國家衛(wèi)健委、國家醫(yī)保局、國家中醫(yī)藥管理局聯(lián)合發(fā)布《關(guān)于深入推進(jìn)“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+醫(yī)療健康”“五個一”服務(wù)行動的通知》。

All regional authorities should implement regulations and mechanism for mutual recognition of health codes in order to facilitate travel and cross-provincial mobility and achieve universal recognition of health codes nationwide, stressed the circular.通知要求,各地要落實“健康碼”信息互認(rèn)機制和規(guī)則,切實方便人員出行和跨省流動,實現(xiàn)防疫“健康碼”全國互認(rèn)。
【單詞講解】
Recognition這個詞我們并不陌生,它是動詞recognize的名詞形式,本意是“認(rèn)識”,比如,When he returned to his home town after the war, he found it had changed out of all recognition.(戰(zhàn)后他回到家鄉(xiāng),那里已經(jīng)變得面目全非,他都認(rèn)不出來了),這個例句中的out of all recognition也可以寫作beyond all recognition,都表示“與之前的認(rèn)知差別太大,認(rèn)出不來”的意思。
本文的recognition強調(diào)的不只是“認(rèn)識”這個層面,而是“接受、認(rèn)可”,劍橋在線詞典的解釋是“agreement that something is true or legal”,即“認(rèn)為某事可信”,用通知里的表述來說就是“跨地區(qū)流動人員“健康碼”信息在各地區(qū)可信可用”。
通知還明確:
In low-risk areas, apart from key locations and personnel, the verification of health codes is not compulsory.在低風(fēng)險地區(qū),除特殊場所和特殊人員外,一般不應(yīng)查驗“健康碼”。
【單詞講解】
Compulsory這個詞我們都很熟悉,表示“強制的,義務(wù)的,必須做的”意思,除了表示“義務(wù)教育(compulsory education)”以外,學(xué)校里設(shè)置的“必修課”是compulsory courses,再比如,It is compulsory for all motorcyclists to wear helmets.(所有騎摩托車的人都必須戴頭盔。)
For the elderly and other groups who do not use or operate smart phones, the circular requires alternative measures such as reading ID cards, presenting paper certificates, having their health codes registered through friends or relatives, or registering multiple health codes under one account.
對于老年人等不使用、不會操作智能手機的群體,行動通知要求可采取識讀身份證、出示紙質(zhì)證明、親友代辦或一人綁定多人防疫“健康碼”等替代措施。
The circular also underlined that the use of health code data must be strictly regulated to protect privacy.
行動通知強調(diào)要強化數(shù)據(jù)安全管理,切實保護(hù)個人隱私。
慕課 MOOCs
12月9-11日,世界慕課大會在清華大學(xué)召開。教育部部長陳寶生在會上作主旨報告,分享了中國慕課與在線教育的實踐、創(chuàng)新與探索。
China is committed to further opening up its MOOC resources and sharing its quality education resources with other countries and regions, Education Minister Chen Baosheng said the conference. The country now ranks first globally in the number of MOOCs and viewers, he said.教育部部長陳寶生表示,目前,中國慕課數(shù)量和應(yīng)用規(guī)模已居世界第一。他指出,中國致力于進(jìn)一步開放其慕課資源,并與其他國家和地區(qū)共享優(yōu)質(zhì)教育資源。
【知識點】
Massive Open Online Courses(MOOC,大規(guī)模在線開放課程)也被稱為“慕課”,最初指教師傳統(tǒng)授課過程的電子版,現(xiàn)在,世界各地已經(jīng)有了專門的MOOC平臺,不少世界名校都開設(shè)了免費在線課程(online courses),課程內(nèi)容多為視頻形式,從幾分鐘到十幾分鐘不等,學(xué)生看完一部分后需答對相應(yīng)的問題才能繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí),學(xué)生之間還可在線進(jìn)行討論。此外,MOOC也有作業(yè),deadline和期末考試,并由機器來打分,有些課程通過考試還可獲得一張證書。
中國慕課自2013年起步,已逐步建立獨具特色的發(fā)展模式。
By October, the country had more than 30 MOOC platforms and 34,000 such courses. A total of 540 million people had participated in massive online open courses, and 150 million university students had received credits through them.截至今年10月,我國已有30多個慕課平臺,上線慕課數(shù)量超過3.4萬門,學(xué)習(xí)人數(shù)達(dá)5.4億人次,在校生獲得慕課學(xué)分人數(shù)1.5億人次。
新冠肺炎疫情期間“停課不停教、停課不停學(xué)”
To cope with the COVID-19 pandemic, all Chinese universities moved teaching online during the spring semester, with 1.08 million teachers producing 1.1 million online courses, he said, adding that this had laid a solid foundation for promoting the innovative development of online education and MOOCs.陳寶生表示,為了應(yīng)對新冠肺炎疫情,中國所有的大學(xué)將春季學(xué)期全部課程轉(zhuǎn)移到網(wǎng)上,108萬教師制作了110萬個在線課程,此舉也為推動在線教育和慕課的創(chuàng)新發(fā)展奠定了堅實的基礎(chǔ)。
The unique advantages of MOOCs and online education have been leveraged to promote educational equity and sharing of quality educational resources so that everyone can learn whenever and wherever they want, Chen said.
慕課和在線教育的獨特優(yōu)勢得以充分利用來推動教育公平及優(yōu)質(zhì)教育資源共享,實現(xiàn)人人皆學(xué)、處處能學(xué)、時時可學(xué)。
【單詞講解】
這里的leverage來源于lever(杠桿,讀作/li:v?(r)/),可以用作動詞或名詞,表示“杠桿作用,優(yōu)勢;發(fā)揮杠桿作用,充分利用”等意思,比如:The unions size gave it leverage in the labor contract negotiations.(工會的規(guī)模使其在勞動合同談判中具有優(yōu)勢)。He is shamelessly leveraging the system to his advantage.(他在無恥地利用系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)勢為他自己謀利。)
中國媒體十大流行語 Top 10 media buzzwords
2020年12月11日,國家語言資源監(jiān)測與研究中心發(fā)布“2020年度中國媒體十大流行語”。本次發(fā)布的十大流行語依次為:
一、新冠肺炎 COVID-19
二、抗疫 the battle against COVID-19
三、復(fù)工復(fù)產(chǎn) resumption of work and production
四、民法典 the Civil Code
五、網(wǎng)課 online classes
六、雙循環(huán) dual circulation
七、人類衛(wèi)生健康共同體 a global community of health for all
八、抗美援朝70周年 the 70th anniversary of the Chinese Peoples Volunteers entering the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea to fight in the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea
九、六穩(wěn)六保 ensure stability in 6 key areas and effectively meet 6 priorities
“六穩(wěn)”是指穩(wěn)就業(yè)、穩(wěn)金融、穩(wěn)外貿(mào)、穩(wěn)外資、穩(wěn)投資、穩(wěn)預(yù)期(keep employment, the financial sector, foreign trade, foreign and domestic investments, and expectations stable)工作;
“六保”是指保居民就業(yè)、?;久裆?、保市場主體、保糧食能源安全、保產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈供應(yīng)鏈穩(wěn)定、保基層運轉(zhuǎn)(ensure security in job, basic living needs, operations of market entities, food and energy security, stable industrial and supply chains, and the normal functioning of primary-level governments)。
十、嫦娥五號 Change 5 lunar probe
唯論文 overemphasizing the role of theses
教育部印發(fā)《關(guān)于破除高校哲學(xué)社會科學(xué)研究評價中“唯論文”不良導(dǎo)向的若干意見》,提出10個“不得”的底線要求。
Chinese education authority has required universities and colleges to rectify the problem of overemphasizing the role of theses in academic appraisals.教育管理部門要求高校糾正在學(xué)術(shù)評價中過度強調(diào)論文的問題。
【單詞講解】
這里的theses是thesis一詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。學(xué)位論文的用詞在英式英語和美式英語中截然不同:英式英語里,本科和碩士論文都叫dissertation,博士論文叫thesis;而美式英語則完全反過來,本科和碩士論文叫thesis,博士論文叫dissertation。
Appraisal是動詞appraise的名詞形式,表示“評估,估價”等意思,比如:real estate appraisals(房地產(chǎn)估價);damage appraisal(估損); I made a quick appraisal of the situation and decided to leave right away(我快速評估了一下形勢,然后決定馬上離開)。
意見明確“十不得”:
不得簡單以刊物、頭銜、榮譽、資歷等判斷論文質(zhì)量(the quality of a thesis should not be judged simply by the journal on which it is published or the authors title, honor and credentials),防止“以刊評文”“以刊代評”“以人評文”。
不得過分依賴國際數(shù)據(jù)和期刊(avoid over-reliance on international data and journals),防止國際期刊論文至上。
不得為追求國際發(fā)表而刻意矮化丑化中國、損害國家主權(quán)安全發(fā)展利益(anyone should not deliberately dwarf and vilify China or damage national sovereignty security and development interests in order to get international publication)。
不得將SSCI、CSSCI等論文收錄數(shù)(number of theses included in the SSCI and CSSCI)、引用率和影響因子(citation rate and impact factor)等指標(biāo)與資源分配、物質(zhì)獎勵、績效工資(resource allocation, material incentives and performance-based salary)等簡單掛鉤,防止高額獎勵論文。
【知識點】
SSCI(Social Sciences Citation Index)即“社會科學(xué)引文索引”,由美國科學(xué)信息研究所創(chuàng)建,是目前世界上可以用來對不同國家和地區(qū)的社會科學(xué)論文的數(shù)量進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計分析的大型檢索工具。
CSSCI(Chinese Social Sciences Citation Index)即“中文社會科學(xué)引文索引” 由南京大學(xué)研制,是國家、教育部重點研究項目,用來檢索中文社會科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的論文收錄和文獻(xiàn)被引用情況。
不得將SSCI、CSSCI等論文收錄數(shù)作為導(dǎo)師崗位選聘、人才計劃申報評審的唯一指標(biāo)(the only or compulsory criterion for selection of supervisors and appraisal of professors and researchers)。
不得把SSCI、CSSCI等論文收錄數(shù)作為教師招聘、職務(wù)(職稱)評聘、人才引進(jìn)的前置條件和直接依據(jù)(the precondition and criterion for the recruitment, promotion and introduction of talents)。
不得將在學(xué)術(shù)期刊上發(fā)表論文作為學(xué)位授予的唯一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(the publishing of theses in academic journals should not be taken as the only criterion for awarding academic degrees)。
不得將學(xué)歷、職稱等作為在教育系統(tǒng)學(xué)術(shù)期刊發(fā)表論文的限制性條件(diploma and academic titles should not serve as restrictive conditions for theses publishing in educational journals)。
不得多頭評價、重復(fù)評價(one thesis should not be submitted in multiple appraisal events),嚴(yán)格控制涉及論文的評價活動數(shù)量和頻次。
不得盲目采信、引用和宣傳各類機構(gòu)發(fā)布的排行榜(universities should not blindly adopt, quote and promote rankings issued by institutions),不過度依賴以論文發(fā)表情況為主要衡量指標(biāo)的排行性評價。
中國媒體十大新詞語 Top 10 new words in media
12月16日,國家語言資源監(jiān)測與研究中心發(fā)布“2020年度中國媒體十大新詞語”。本次發(fā)布的十大新詞語依次是:
一、復(fù)工復(fù)產(chǎn) resumption of work and production
二、新冠疫情 COVID-19 pandemic
三、無癥狀感染者 asymptomatic cases
四、方艙醫(yī)院 makeshift hospitals
五、健康碼 health QR code/health code
六、數(shù)字人民幣 digital currency
七、服貿(mào)會 China International Fair for Trade in Services, CIFTIS
八、雙循環(huán) dual circulation
九、天問一號 Tianwen 1
十、無接觸配送 contactless delivery
嫦娥五號 Change-5 mission
President Xi Jinping on Dec 17 congratulated the complete success of the Change-5 mission that brings back the countrys first samples collected from the moon. On behalf of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee, the State Council and the Central Military Commission (CMC), Xi, also general secretary of the CPC Central Committee and chairman of the CMC, extended warm congratulations and sincere greetings to all members who participated in the Change-5 mission in a congratulatory message.
12月17日,嫦娥五號首次實現(xiàn)了我國地外天體采樣返回。中共中央總書記、國家主席、中央軍委主席習(xí)近平發(fā)來賀電,代表黨中央、國務(wù)院和中央軍委,向探月工程任務(wù)指揮部并參加嫦娥五號任務(wù)的全體同志致以熱烈的祝賀和誠摯的問候。
As Chinas most complicated space project, the Change-5 mission has achieved the extraterrestrial sampling and returning for the first time. It is another major achievement in overcoming difficulties by giving full play to the advantages of the new nationwide system, marking a great step forward in Chinas space industry. This will contribute to deepening the understanding of the origin of the moon and the evolution history of the solar system.嫦娥五號任務(wù)作為我國復(fù)雜度最高、技術(shù)跨度最大的航天系統(tǒng)工程,首次實現(xiàn)了我國地外天體采樣返回。這是發(fā)揮新型舉國體制優(yōu)勢攻堅克難取得的又一重大成就,標(biāo)志著中國航天向前邁出的一大步,將為深化人類對月球成因和太陽系演化歷史的科學(xué)認(rèn)知作出貢獻(xiàn)。
人類非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)代表作名錄 Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
聯(lián)合國教科文組織保護(hù)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)政府間委員會第15屆常會于12月14日至19日在線上召開。本屆常會共評審57個國家申報的50個非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)項目。
Tai Chi, a centuries-old martial art and now a popular form of exercise, was inscribed on the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity on Thursday evening (Beijing Time). Another honored entry is "Wangchuan ceremony and related practices for maintaining the sustainable connection between man and the ocean," which was nominated by China together with Malaysia.北京時間12月17日晚,我國單獨申報的“太極拳”、我國與馬來西亞聯(lián)合申報的“送王船——有關(guān)人與海洋可持續(xù)聯(lián)系的儀式及相關(guān)實踐”兩個項目,列入聯(lián)合國教科文組織人類非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)代表作名錄。
【單詞講解】
Inscribe這個詞的本意是“雕、刻”,刻上去的文字一般會保留很長時間,所以這個詞也有“寫入、記錄”之意,即to write, engrave, or print as a lasting record或者to enter on a list,常用的搭配除了上文中的inscribe something on something (as...)以外,還有inscribe something with...,比如:They inscribed the monument with the soldiers names.(他們把戰(zhàn)士們的名字刻在紀(jì)念碑上。)
太極拳

Originating during the mid 17th century in Wenxian county in Henan province in central China, it is now practiced throughout China by people of all ages and by different ethnic groups.
太極拳自17世紀(jì)中葉發(fā)源于河南省溫縣以來,習(xí)練者遍布全國各地,不限年齡、不限民族。
Tai chis basic movements center on wubu (five steps) and bafa (eight techniques) with a series of routines, exercises and tuishou (hand-pushing skills, performed with a counterpart).太極拳最核心的動作是“八法五步”常規(guī)招式以及“推手”(兩人之間雙手的徒手對抗)。
送王船
The wangchuan ceremony and related practices are rooted in folk customs of worshipping Ong Yah, a deity believed to protect people and their lands from disasters.送王船及相關(guān)實踐源自于民間的王爺崇拜信俗,據(jù)稱王爺是可以保護(hù)民眾及其土地免受災(zāi)害的一位天神。
The element evokes the historical memory of ancestors ocean-going and honors the harmony between man and the ocean. It also bears witness to the intercultural dialogue among communities.送王船傳遞著人們對先輩走向海洋的歷史記憶,體現(xiàn)了人與自然和諧相處的理念,見證了社群之間的跨文化對話。
【知識點】
根據(jù)聯(lián)合國教科文組織的定義,非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)(Intangible Cultural Heritage)包括口頭傳統(tǒng)(oral traditions), 表演藝術(shù)(performing arts), 社會慣例(social practices),儀式(rituals), 節(jié)日活動(festive events), 與本土或全球有關(guān)的知識及慣例(knowledge and practices concerning native and the universe)或者制作傳統(tǒng)工藝品的知識和技能(the knowledge and skills to produce traditional crafts)。
至此,我國共有42個非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)項目列入聯(lián)合國教科文組織非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)名錄(冊)(42 entries in UNESCOs Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage List of Humanity),居世界第一。
新冠病毒疫苗 COVID-19 vaccines
國務(wù)院聯(lián)防聯(lián)控機制12月19日的新聞發(fā)布會表示,在冬春季節(jié)到來之際,對部分重點人群開展新冠病毒疫苗接種工作,后續(xù)爭取做到高風(fēng)險人群“應(yīng)接盡接”。
In a two-step vaccination drive, the COVID-19 vaccines will be given first to priority groups, including those engaged in handling imported cold-chain products and people working in exposed sectors such as port inspection and quarantine, ship pilotage, aviation, fresh market, public transport, medical treatment, and disease control, Cui Gang, an official with NHCs disease control department, said at a press conference.The vaccination program will also cover those who plan to work or study in countries and regions with medium or high risks of exposure to the virus, Cui added.國家衛(wèi)生健康委疾控局負(fù)責(zé)人崔鋼介紹,我國目前接種的策略是按照“兩步走”方案,第一步主要是針對部分重點人群開展接種,這些人群包括從事進(jìn)口冷鏈、口岸檢疫、船舶引航、航空空勤、生鮮市場、公共交通、醫(yī)療疾控等感染風(fēng)險比較高的工作人員,以及前往中高風(fēng)險國家或者地區(qū)去工作或者學(xué)習(xí)的人員。
【單詞講解】
關(guān)于“疫苗”的幾個詞,vaccine就是“疫苗”本身,vaccinate就是“注射疫苗、接種疫苗”這個動作,而其名詞形式vaccination就是“接種疫苗”這件事。動詞inoculate在表示“接種(疫苗)”這個意思的時候與vaccinate是可以互換使用的,其名詞形式是inoculation,不過inoculate還可以表示“灌輸(思想)”,常用的搭配是inoculate someone with,比如:The teacher inoculated them with the idea that the individual can always make a difference in this world.(老師給他們灌輸?shù)乃枷胧牵瑐€人是可以給這個世界帶來改變的。)
Next, with COVID-19 vaccines officially approved to enter the market or the yield of vaccines improving steadily, China will put more vaccines into use, inoculating the eligible population as widely as possible, Cui said.
第二步,隨著疫苗正式批準(zhǔn)上市,疫苗產(chǎn)量逐步提高,將會有更多的疫苗投入使用。符合條件的群眾都能實現(xiàn)“應(yīng)接盡接”。
【單詞講解】
Eligible這個詞在閱讀和寫作中經(jīng)常用到,可以用作動詞或名詞表示“符合條件的(人);合適的(結(jié)婚對象)”,比如:you are not eligible for unemployment benefits since you are not really out of work(你并不是完全失業(yè),所以沒有資格領(lǐng)取失業(yè)救濟(jì)金)。His mother is keen to find him an eligible within a short period of time.(他母親著急想在短時間內(nèi)給他找個合適的對象)。
我國疫苗研發(fā)處于全球第一方陣
疫情發(fā)生以后,我國布局了五條技術(shù)路線,推進(jìn)疫苗研發(fā)。目前,按照世界衛(wèi)生組織統(tǒng)計,我國進(jìn)入臨床試驗的疫苗和進(jìn)入三期臨床的疫苗,都處于全球第一方陣。
More than one million doses of COVID-19 vaccines have been distributed for emergency inoculation use since July.The emergency vaccinations were given to people with high exposure risks on the premise of voluntary, informed consent.7月以來,在高風(fēng)險暴露人群自愿、知情、同意的前提下,我國已經(jīng)累計完成100多萬劑次緊急接種疫苗工作。
After strict monitoring and observation, no serious adverse reactions took place.
經(jīng)過嚴(yán)格的不良反應(yīng)監(jiān)測和追蹤觀察,沒有出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的不良反應(yīng)。
目前,我國進(jìn)展比較快的疫苗已經(jīng)獲得了三期臨床試驗中期需要的病例數(shù),近期已經(jīng)在向國家藥監(jiān)局提供相關(guān)材料。
If the vaccines (performance) statistics reach the required standards, the medical products administration will approve it for the market, and then our vaccine will be produced and rolled out more quickly, because we have already prepared for mass production.
如果數(shù)據(jù)達(dá)到相應(yīng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),國家藥監(jiān)部門將會批準(zhǔn)附條件上市或者上市,我國的疫苗將會更快地普及,更快地提高產(chǎn)量,我國已做好大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)的準(zhǔn)備。
新冠疫苗有效期多長?
國家衛(wèi)生健康委副主任曾益新表示:
It is too early to conclude whether the Chinese vaccines can offer lifelong immunity or protection for five to 10 years like many other viral vaccines.我國新冠疫苗保護(hù)期能不能像很多病毒性疫苗一樣,能夠終身免疫,或者至少保護(hù)五年十年,還不能下這個結(jié)論。
"However, there is little doubt that Chinese COVID-19 vaccines can offer protection for at least six months based on existing evidence," he said, adding that this standard is on par with the requirement by the World Health Organization.
當(dāng)前證據(jù)顯示,疫苗保護(hù)期,按世衛(wèi)組織的規(guī)定要求的半年以上,基本上沒有太多的疑問。
【單詞講解】
這里的on par with有時候也寫作on a par with,表示“與...標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(水平)一致”,比如:His new book is on par with his best sellers.(他的新書跟他其他的暢銷書水平相當(dāng))。
Optimistically speaking, it would be unlikely for the public to need to routinely take COVID-19 vaccines once every six months to one year, like flu shots, because the flu virus mutates very quickly and there may be a different strain every year causing an outbreak.流感疫苗每年打一次,是因為流感病毒變異特別快,每年不同的亞型在流行。新冠疫苗不存在半年或者一年要重新再接種一次,比較樂觀的估計,可能性不大。
"Although we believe the COVID-19 vaccine is safe and effective, we advise the public to maintain personal hygiene and protection, including wearing masks, washing hands and practicing social distancing," he said.
雖然我們相信新冠疫苗是安全有效的,但是大家要繼續(xù)維持個人衛(wèi)生和防護(hù)措施,包括戴口罩、勤洗手、保證社交距離等這些好習(xí)慣。
This is because no vaccine can guarantee 100 percent protection, and people should not lower their guard, especially not before herd immunity has been established, he added.
目前為止還沒有任何一個疫苗說保護(hù)率達(dá)到百分之百的。特別是在當(dāng)前群體免疫還沒有建立起來的情況下,即使打了疫苗,防護(hù)措施仍然不能減。
疫苗去哪打?
國家衛(wèi)生健康委疾控局負(fù)責(zé)人崔鋼表示,
Usually, the vaccination units are located in health service centers, township clinicss or general hospitals, local governments have been requested to publish information on vaccination services in a timely manner.
通常情況下,接種單位都是設(shè)在轄區(qū)的衛(wèi)生服務(wù)中心、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)衛(wèi)生院或者綜合醫(yī)院,已經(jīng)要求各地及時公布接種服務(wù)信息。
Others who have not been vaccinated for the time being need not worry. Wearing masks in public places, practicing social distance and washing hands are protective measures that have been proven to be very effective.
其他暫時沒有接種的群眾也不用擔(dān)心。做好個人防護(hù),在公共場所戴好口罩、保持社交距離、勤洗手等,這些措施都被證明非常有效。
盲盒 mystery boxes
Mystery boxes are gaining popularity in China, with the size of the toys market expected to reach over 30 billion yuan by 2024, according to an industry report.一份行業(yè)報告顯示,盲盒在中國的受歡迎度不斷攀升,預(yù)計到2024年,盲盒的市場規(guī)模將達(dá)到300億元。
【知識點】
“盲盒”,在英語中可以用mystery boxes或mystery toy boxes表示,里面裝的通常是動漫、影視作品的周邊,或者是設(shè)計師單獨設(shè)計出來的玩偶(collectible figures)。之所以叫“盲盒”,是因為消費者在購買的時候看不到里面裝的是哪一款(the packaging doesnt allow buyers to see whats inside),只有在打開之后才能看到。

行業(yè)競爭激烈
Makers of the mystery boxes currently face fierce competition in the market, with the leader -- Pop Mart -- having a market share of only 8.5 percent, said the report.報告指出,盲盒廠商目前面臨激烈的市場競爭,位于領(lǐng)先地位的泡泡瑪特占據(jù)的市場份額僅有8.5%。
女白領(lǐng)和大學(xué)生是主要受眾
Female white-collar workers and Z-generation college students in first-tier cities are the primary consumers of mystery boxes. Females account for 62.6 percent of consumers, according to the report.
報告顯示,一線城市女白領(lǐng)和Z世代大學(xué)生是盲盒消費的主力。女性消費者占盲盒消費人群的62.6%。
喜歡未知的刺激感
Young Chinese like cute items to decorate their desks and homes. The surprising nature of what one gets also excites consumers.中國的年輕人喜歡用可愛的物件裝飾他們的辦公桌或家里,(購買盲盒)這種充滿驚喜的體驗也會讓消費者覺得刺激。
Chinas millennials spend more on mystery toys than any other hobby, including designer shoes and e-sports, according to a report from e-commerce platform Tmall, which is owned by Alibaba.
阿里巴巴旗下電商平臺天貓的一份報告指出,中國千禧一代在盲盒方面的花費高于名牌鞋和電競等愛好的花費。
食品浪費 food waste
12月22日,反食品浪費法草案提請十三屆全國人大常委會第二十四次會議審議,為治理“舌尖上的浪費”建章立制。
Catering service providers may face a fine ranging from 1,000 yuan to 10,000 yuan if they encourage or mislead consumers into ordering excessive quantities of food which causes waste, and refuse to rectify the problem after being warned by market supervision departments, according to the draft law.草案規(guī)定,餐飲服務(wù)提供者誘導(dǎo)、誤導(dǎo)消費者超量點餐造成明顯浪費的,由市場監(jiān)督管理部門給予警告,拒不改正的,處一千元以上一萬元以下罰款。
【知識點】
草案明確,食品浪費(food waste),是指對可安全食用或者飲用的食物未能按照其功能目的利用(failure to consume food that is safe to eat or drink in the way it is supposed to be consumed)。
The draft law requires catering service providers to guide consumers to order food in accordance with their actual needs. Their menus should include more information and offer different dish sizes, it said.
草案要求餐飲服務(wù)提供者引導(dǎo)消費者按需適量點餐,菜單應(yīng)提供更多菜品信息及不同規(guī)格選擇。
Catering service providers can ask consumers who waste too much food to pay a fee based on the amount of their leftovers, it said.
餐飲服務(wù)提供者可以根據(jù)剩菜量對消費者收取相應(yīng)費用。
【單詞講解】
這里的leftover用作名詞,表示“剩飯菜”,如果用形容詞形式來表示就是leftover food。其實leftover這個詞來源于動詞短語leave over,表示“遺留,留下(以后再用)”,比如:leave this pie over for tomorrow(這個派留著明天吃),換成被動語態(tài)就是we can have the pie left over from yesterday(我們可以吃昨天剩下的派)。
The draft also clarifies the ban on making or broadcasting programs or videos related to excessive eating, noting that violators who refuse to correct the problem after being warned by cyberspace administrations will be fined from 10,000 yuan to 100,000 yuan.
草案還明確,禁止制作、傳播宣揚量大多吃、暴飲暴食等浪費食品的節(jié)目或者音視頻信息。違反規(guī)定的,由管理部門責(zé)令整改,給予警告;拒不改正,處一萬元以上十萬元以下罰款。
平均身高 average height
12月23日,國務(wù)院新聞辦就《中國居民營養(yǎng)與慢性病狀況報告(2020年)》有關(guān)情況舉行發(fā)布會。
As the nations economy and power continue to grow, Chinese people are getting taller, but they are also putting on weight at a worrisome rate, according to the report.報告指出,隨著我國經(jīng)濟(jì)和實力的增長,居民身高持續(xù)增長,但體重也以令人憂心的速度增加。
【單詞講解】
這里的put on weight就是“長胖、長肉”,我們也可以用gain weight表示。與之相反的“減肥”自然就是lose weight,或者更加激烈的shake off weight(甩肉)。這兩者的名詞表達(dá)分別是weight gain(長胖、增重)和weight loss(減肥、瘦身)。
According to the report, 34.3 percent of adult Chinese are overweight and 16.4 percent are obese.報告指出,18歲及以上居民超重率和肥胖率分別為34.3%和16.4%。
【知識點】
世衛(wèi)組織對成人做出的超重和肥胖定義如下:身體質(zhì)量指數(shù)等于或大于25時為超重(overweight);身體質(zhì)量指數(shù)等于或大于30時為肥胖(obesity)。身體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)是身高對體重的簡便指數(shù),其定義為按公斤計算的體重除以按米計算的身高的平方(kg/m2)。
The average height of Chinese people aged 18 to 44 has increased to 169.7 centimeters for males and 158 cm for females, thanks to an increased intake of high-quality protein, such as dairy products, seafood and poultry, according to the report.報告顯示,由于乳制品、海鮮和禽肉等高質(zhì)量蛋白的攝入增加,我國18至44歲的男性和女性平均身高分別增加到169.7厘米和158厘米。
【單詞講解】
這里的intake來源于動詞短語take in,表示“攝入,接收”等意思,比如:you should reduce your salt intake(你應(yīng)該減少鹽攝入量),The airline is to double the intake of its female pilots(這家航空公司計劃將女性飛行員的招錄人數(shù)增加一倍)。
According to the report, the daily per capita intake of salt and cooking oil of Chinese people is far higher than the recommended portion of five grams of salt and 43.2 grams of cooking oil.
報告指出,我國人均每日鹽油攝入量均遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于每日5克鹽和43.2克油的健康推薦量。
Nearly 20 percent of middle and high school students regularly consume sugary drinks, it added.
近20%的中學(xué)生經(jīng)常喝含糖飲料。
The report said that less than one in four adults work out at least once a week.
每周至少鍛煉一次的成年人不到四分之一。
刑法修正案 amendment to the Constitution
12月26日,十三屆全國人大常委會第二十四次會議表決通過刑法修正案(十一),共48條,針對低齡未成年人犯罪、知識產(chǎn)權(quán)侵權(quán)等問題,對刑法作出修改完善。
The amendment stipulates heavier criminal penalties for IPR infringements, raising the maximum prison term for trademark and copyright infringements from seven years to 10 years. The amendment also lowers the minimum age of criminal responsibility to 12 for severe crimes such as murder.刑法修正案針對侵犯知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的犯罪行為規(guī)定了更加嚴(yán)格的處罰,將商標(biāo)及知識產(chǎn)權(quán)侵權(quán)行為的最高刑期由7年提高至10年。同時,修正案將謀殺等嚴(yán)重犯罪行為的刑事責(zé)任年齡降低至12歲。
【單詞講解】
這里的IPR是intellectual property rights的縮寫形式,即“知識產(chǎn)權(quán)”,最近幾年很火的“IP”概念是intellectual property的縮寫。IP可以是一個故事,一種形象,一件藝術(shù)品,一種流行文化,更多的是指適合二次或多次改編開發(fā)的影視文學(xué)、游戲動漫等作品。IP劇,是指在有一定粉絲數(shù)量基礎(chǔ)上的國產(chǎn)原創(chuàng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)小說、游戲、動漫為題材創(chuàng)作改編而成的影視劇。
刑法修正案規(guī)定,
If a juvenile who has reached the age of 12, but is under 14, commits intentional homicide or inflicts an injury that leads to death,or causes severe injury to the person, reducing the person to utter disability by resorting to cruel means, he or she shall bear criminal responsibility upon attestation and approval of the Supreme Peoples Procuratorate (SPP).已滿12周歲不滿14周歲的人,犯故意殺人、故意傷害罪,致人死亡或者以特別殘忍手段致人重傷造成嚴(yán)重殘疾,情節(jié)惡劣,經(jīng)最高人民檢察院核準(zhǔn)追訴的,應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任。
【單詞講解】
英語中關(guān)于“青少年犯罪”有一個固定的說法juvenile delinquency/juvenile offending,juvenile讀作[d?u?v?na?l],指“未成年、青少年”,也可以用作形容詞表示某人“孩子氣的、幼稚的”,與childish、silly意思相近,比如:Dont be so juvenile(別那么幼稚了)。Delinquency這個詞讀作[d?l??kw?nsi],指“違法行為”,尤指青少年的違法行為,實施違法行為的青少年就可以稱為delinquent。
Children aged 14-16 can be held criminally liable if they commit serious crimes such as murder, rape, and drug smuggling or trafficking.
已滿十四周歲不滿十六周歲的人,犯故意殺人、強奸、販賣毒品等嚴(yán)重罪行的,應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)刑事責(zé)任。
增加與生物安全相關(guān)規(guī)定
To safeguard biosecurity, the law stipulates penalties for illegally implanting gene-edited or cloned human embryos into human bodies or animals. Convicted criminals could face up to seven years of imprisonment.為了保障生物安全,刑法修正案規(guī)定了針對將基因編輯、克隆的人類胚胎植入人體或者動物體內(nèi)等違法行為的處罰,相關(guān)違法人員最高刑期可達(dá)7年。
使用興奮劑入刑
It stipulates that anyone who lures, instigates or cheats athletes into using banned substances in either domestic or international competitions faces up to three years imprisonment and a fine. Heavier punishments will be given to those organizing or forcing athletes into using banned substances, while knowingly offering banned substances to athletes is also a criminal offence.修正案規(guī)定,引誘、教唆、欺騙運動員使用興奮劑參加國內(nèi)、國際重大體育競賽,或者明知運動員參加上述競賽而向其提供興奮劑,情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的,處三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役,并處罰金。組織、強迫運動員使用興奮劑參加國內(nèi)、國際重大體育競賽的,依照前款的規(guī)定從重處罰。
加大對性侵未成年人犯罪的懲治力度
The amended law says people with special responsibilities, including those guarding, adopting, looking after, educating or offering medical care to juveniles, could be sentenced to up to 10 years in prison if they have sex with girls aged 14 to 16. Further, anyone found to have had sex with girls under the age of 14 will be convicted of rape and face harsher penalties.修正案規(guī)定,對已滿十四周歲不滿十六周歲的未成年女性負(fù)有監(jiān)護(hù)、收養(yǎng)、看護(hù)、教育、醫(yī)療等特殊職責(zé)的人員,與該未成年女性發(fā)生性關(guān)系的,最高可判處10年有期徒刑。奸淫不滿十四周歲的幼女的,以強奸論,從重處罰。
Meanwhile, people who rape girls under the age of 10 will receive a sentence of at least 10 years in prison and could even face life imprisonment or the death penalty.
奸淫不滿十周歲的幼女的,處十年以上有期徒刑、無期徒刑或者死刑。
The amended law also calls for harsher punishment-a sentence of five years or more-for people who have repeatedly committed child molestations, have acted indecently against multiple children, have committed such offenses in public or have molested juveniles in a cruel manner.
猥褻兒童多人或者多次的;聚眾猥褻兒童的,或者在公共場所當(dāng)眾猥褻兒童,情節(jié)惡劣的,處五年以上有期徒刑。
京雄城際鐵路 Beijing-Xiongan intercity railway
The Beijing-Xiongan intercity railway opened to traffic on Dec 27, connecting the Chinese capital with the Xiongan New Area. The railway is 91 kilometers long and has a maximum design speed of 350 kilometers per hour. Passengers can take high-speed trains from Beijing West Railway Station directly to Xiongan New Area with the shortest commuting time at 50 minutes. The journey between Beijing Daxing International Airport and Xiongan will be about 19 minutes.
北京至雄安新區(qū)城際鐵路(京雄城際鐵路)12月27日全線開通運營。線路全長91公里,最高設(shè)計時速350公里。北京西站至雄安新區(qū)間最快旅行時間50分鐘,大興機場至雄安新區(qū)間最快19分鐘可達(dá)。
教育懲戒 school discipline
教育部制定的《中小學(xué)教育懲戒規(guī)則(試行)》12月29日頒布,2021年3月1日起實施。
In its first official guideline on teachers rights to discipline students, the Ministry of Education said primary and secondary school teachers have the authority to hand out punishment and clarified the kinds of punishment not allowed.教育部第一次以部門規(guī)章的形式對教育懲戒做出規(guī)定,規(guī)定中小學(xué)教師和學(xué)??梢詫W(xué)生實施的教育懲戒方式,同時明確了教師實施懲戒過程中被禁止的行為。
【知識點】
《規(guī)則》對教育懲戒(school discipline)的定義是“學(xué)校、教師基于教育目的,對違規(guī)違紀(jì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行管理、訓(xùn)導(dǎo)或者以規(guī)定方式予以矯治(manage, discipline or correct the students who break rules and regulations),促使學(xué)生引以為戒、認(rèn)識和改正錯誤的教育行為”,明確教育懲戒不是懲罰(discipline is not punishment),而是教育的一種方式。
根據(jù)程度輕重,《規(guī)則》將教育懲戒分為一般教育懲戒、較重教育懲戒和嚴(yán)重教育懲戒三類。
一般教育懲戒適用于違規(guī)違紀(jì)情節(jié)輕微的學(xué)生,包括點名批評(named and shamed)、做口頭或者書面檢討(make oral or written apology)、增加額外教學(xué)或者班級公益服務(wù)任務(wù)(do extra homework or classroom chores)、一節(jié)課堂教學(xué)時間內(nèi)的教室內(nèi)站立(stand in the classroom for one class period)、課后教導(dǎo)(receive after-school discipline)等;
較重教育懲戒適用于違規(guī)違紀(jì)情節(jié)較重或者經(jīng)當(dāng)場教育懲戒拒不改正的學(xué)生,包括德育工作負(fù)責(zé)人訓(xùn)導(dǎo)(receive counseling)、承擔(dān)校內(nèi)公共服務(wù)(perform public service on campus)、接受專門的校規(guī)校紀(jì)和行為規(guī)則教育(isolated for discipline)、被暫停或者限制參加游覽以及其他集體活動(extracurricular activities suspended)等;
嚴(yán)重教育懲戒適用于違規(guī)違紀(jì)情節(jié)嚴(yán)重或者影響惡劣,且必須是小學(xué)高年級、初中和高中階段的學(xué)生,包括停課停學(xué)(suspended from school)、法治副校長或者法治輔導(dǎo)員訓(xùn)誡(see a school counselor)、專門人員輔導(dǎo)矯治(go through correction session)等。
《規(guī)則》細(xì)化了禁止實施的七類不當(dāng)教育行為:
一是身體傷害,如擊打、刺扎等(corporal punishment such as striking or poking students with sharp objects);
二是超限度懲罰(hand out excessive punishment),超過正常限度的罰站、反復(fù)抄寫,強制做不適的動作或者姿勢(make them assume physically uncomfortable positions),以及刻意孤立(intentional isolation)等間接傷害身體、心理的變相體罰;
三是言行侮辱貶損,辱罵或者以歧視性、侮辱性的言行侵犯學(xué)生人格尊嚴(yán)(verbally abuse students);
四是因個人或者少數(shù)人違規(guī)違紀(jì)行為而懲罰全體學(xué)生(punish all students for an individual offense);
五是因?qū)W生個人的學(xué)習(xí)成績而懲罰學(xué)生(punish students for poor academic performance);
六是因個人情緒、好惡實施或者選擇性實施教育懲戒(hand out punishments based on their personal preference);
七是指派學(xué)生代替自己對其他學(xué)生實施教育懲戒(ask students to punish their peers)。
(中國日報網(wǎng)英語點津 Helen)
來源:中國日報網(wǎng)
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