八、動詞

1、動詞的分類：

類 別意 義例 句實義動詞含有實在的意義,表示動作或狀態(tài),在句子中能獨立作謂語。She has some bananas. 她吃些香蕉。

They eat a lot of potatoes. 他們常吃土豆。

I’m reading an English book now.

我現(xiàn)在正看一本英文書。連系動詞本身有一定的詞義,但不能獨立作謂語,必須和表語一起構(gòu)成謂語。His father is a teacher.他父親是教師。

Twins usually look the same.

雙胞胎通?？雌饋硪粯?。

The teacher became very angry. 老師變得很生氣。助動詞本身沒有詞義,不能獨立作謂語,只能和主要動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語動詞,用來表示否定、疑問、時態(tài)、語態(tài)或其它語法形式,助動詞自身有人稱、單復(fù)數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化。He doesn’t speak English. 他不說英語。

We are playing basketball. 我們在打籃球。

Do you have a brother? 你有兄弟嗎？情態(tài)動詞本身有一定的意義,不能獨立作謂語,只能和主要動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語動詞,表示說話人的語氣和情態(tài)。情態(tài)動詞沒有人稱和單復(fù)數(shù)的變化,有些情態(tài)動詞有過去式。You can keep the books for two weeks.

這些書你可以借兩個星期。

May I smoke here? 我可以在這兒抽煙嗎？

We must go now. 我們現(xiàn)在得走了。

★重要注解：

(1) 關(guān)于實義動詞：

① 英語的實義動詞又可分為及物動詞和不及物動詞兩大類：

后面必須跟賓語意義才完整的叫及物動詞；本身意義完整,后面不需跟賓語的叫不及物動詞。

② 有些動詞通常只作不及物動詞。如：go,come,happen,lie,listen,rise,arrive,hall等。

有些動詞通常用作及物動詞。如：say, raise, lay, find, buy等。

③ 大多數(shù)動詞可以兼作及物動詞和不及物動詞。如：study, sing等。

④ 有些動詞作及物動詞與作不及物動詞時的意義有所不同。如：know, wash等。

⑤ 有些動詞常和介詞 、副詞或其它詞類一起構(gòu)成固定詞組,形成短語動詞。如：listen,reply,wait,look.

(2) 關(guān)于連系動詞：

① 連系動詞用來連接主語和表語,連系動詞后面常為形容詞。

② 常見的連系動詞有：be、become、look、feel、sound、smell、taste、seem、turn、grow、get、 go、fall、sit、stand、lie 等。

③ 有些連系動詞來源于實義動詞,意思也跟著變化：look(看→看起來)、feel(感覺、摸→感到)、 smell(聞、嗅→聞起來)、taste(嘗→嘗起來)、turn(翻轉(zhuǎn)、轉(zhuǎn)動→變得)、grow(生長→變得)、get(得到、到達→變得)、go(去→變得),所不同的是,作為實義動詞時,后面不能跟形容詞。

[注釋]

become、get、go、be、grow、turn的用法區(qū)別：become表示“變成”,比較正式,通常不用將來時表示動作已經(jīng)完成。get也表示動作已經(jīng)完成,但是更加口語化,通常表示溫度、時間、歲數(shù)等變化。go表示“變得”,常見于某些短語中,后面常有形容詞bad、blind、hungry等。be表示“是、成為、當(dāng)”,多用于將來時、祈使句或不定式中。grow表示“變得”,常指逐漸的變化,表示身高、歲數(shù)的增長。turn表示“變得”,指變?yōu)榕c原先不同的情況,通常指顏色等變化。如：I was caught in the rain and I became ill.(我淋雨感冒了)/ He has got rich.(他變富了)/ He will be a scientist in the future.(將來他將成為科學(xué)家)/ My little brother has grown much taller in the past year.(在過去的一年里我的弟弟長得高多了)/ The sandwich has gone bad.(那塊三明治已經(jīng)變壞)/ Her face turned red after her mother criticized(批評) her.(媽媽批評了他以后他的臉變紅了)

(3) 關(guān)于助動詞：

①常見的助動詞有：用于進行時和被動語態(tài)的be (am, is, are ,was, were, been, being ) ;用于完成時的have(has,had,having) ;用于將來時的shall (should) ; will (would)和用于一般時的do(does,did) .

②助動詞必須同主語的人稱和數(shù)一致,也就是說因主語人稱、數(shù)的不同而采用不同的形式,其中有些助動詞也可作情態(tài)動詞。如：shall, will, should, would.

(4) 關(guān)于情態(tài)動詞：

①常見的情態(tài)動詞有：can (could) ,may (might), must ,shall (should), will (would), dare (dared) , need等,另外,have to、had better也當(dāng)作情態(tài)動詞使用。情態(tài)動詞后面必須加動詞的原形。

②can表示體力、腦力方面的能力或客觀的可能性。口語中, 在詢問或說明一件事可不可以做時,常用“can”代替“may”。情態(tài)動詞“can”的過去式是“could”,否定式是“cannot”通?？s寫成“can’t”,“could”的否定式是“could not”,通?？s寫成“couldn’t”。如：Can I help you?(要幫忙嗎？)/ He can swim.(他會游泳)/ That can’t be Mr Li.(那不可能是李先生)

③ may表示允許、請求或可能性,用may提問時,肯定回答一般用Certainly或Yes,you may.;否定回答一般用can’t或mustn’t. 如：May I ask you a question?—Certainly.(可以問你一個問題嗎？當(dāng)然可以)/ You may go now.(現(xiàn)在你可以走了)/ It may be in your pocket.(它可能在你的衣袋里)

④ must表示“必須”、“一定”的意思。表示“必須”時否定形式是mustn’t；表示“一定”時,否定形式是“can’t” 如：We must be very careful when we cross the road.(我們過馬路時一定要非常小心)/ It must be Jack.(那準(zhǔn)是杰克)/ I haven’t seen Kate today. She can’t be here.(我今天沒有看到過凱特,她不可能在這里)

[注意]用must(必須)進行提問時,肯定回答用must,否定回答用needn’t；用must(一定)進行提問時,肯定回答仍用must,但是否定回答用can’t.如：Must we clean the room before we leave? –Yes,you must.或No,you needn’t.(我們走之前必須要打掃房間嗎？是的,必須打掃。/ 不,不需要。) / Must she be in the romm? –Yes,she must.或No,she can’t.(她一定在房間里嗎？是的,一定。/ 不,不可能在。)

⑤ “have to”表示“不得不”、“必須”。We’ll have to leave now for it is very late at night.

have to的疑問形式是：助動詞+…+have to,否定形式是：助動詞+not+have to或者用needn’t.如：Do you have to stay until 8 o’clock?(你得呆到8點鐘嗎？)/ You don’t have to do so.(=You needn’t do so.)(你不用這么做)

⑥ shall在問句中,可表示征求對方意見,與第一人稱連用；在陳述句的第二、三人稱的主語后或表示“命令”、“警告”、“允許”等。如：Shall we go to the zoo this weekend?(我們這個周末去動物園好嗎？)/ He shall bring his own book next time.(他下次必須帶自己的書來)

⑦ should可表示“勸告”、“建議”、“驚奇”等意思。We should speak to old people politely.(我們應(yīng)該禮貌地對老人講話)

⑧ will表示“意愿”、“決心”等意思,一般與第二人稱連用。如：Will you please close the door for me?(請你替我把門關(guān)上好嗎？)/ I will teach you a lesson.(我要教訓(xùn)你一頓)

⑨would表示過去的“意愿”、“決心”等。He would sit near the fire every time he returned home.(每次他回到家中總要坐在火爐邊)

would也可以表示現(xiàn)在的情況,表達說話人向?qū)Ψ教岢龅囊?語氣比“will”婉轉(zhuǎn)、客氣。在日常會話中,“我想要…”通常用“I would like to”或“I should(I’d) like to”來表示。如：Would you like to have a rest at the moment?(你現(xiàn)在想要休息一下嗎？)

would還可以表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情。如：Every year parents would tell their children about the boy who would save his people.(每一年父母們總是向孩子們講述這個將會拯救他的人民的男孩的事)

⑩ need表示“需要”,用于疑問句或否定句。“need”作實義動詞時,在肯定、否定、疑問句中都可以用。如：He needn’t do it in such a hurry.(他不需要如此匆忙地做這件事)/ He needs some help.(他需要一些幫助)/ He doesn’t need to bring his football socks then.(那么他就無須帶上足球襪了)

⑾ dare是“敢”的意思,用法幾乎與“need”完全相同,即在疑問句和否定句中,可以作情態(tài)動詞,后面用不帶“to”的動詞不定式。在肯定句中和實義動詞一樣,后面的動詞不定式要帶“to”。How dare you say I am a fool?(你竟敢說我是個傻瓜？)/ He didn’t dare to touch the red button.(他不敢觸碰那個紅色的按鈕)

⑿ ‘d better (do)(“最好是”)一般也當(dāng)作情態(tài)動詞使用,否定式是：’d better not (do). 如：You’d better sit here and say nothing.(你最好坐在這兒不講話)/ You’d better not speak because he is sleeping.(你最好不要講話因為他正在睡覺)

2、動詞詞形變化一覽表：

(1)規(guī)則動詞變化表：

規(guī) 則變 化原形動詞結(jié)尾情況現(xiàn)在時單三人稱現(xiàn) 在 分 詞過去式和過去分詞一般情況+s+ing+eds,x,ch,sh,o結(jié)尾+es+ing+ed輔音字母+y結(jié)尾y→i,+es+ingy→i,+ed重讀閉音節(jié)一元一輔結(jié)尾+s雙寫輔音字母,+ing雙寫輔音字母,+ed不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾+s去掉e,+ing+die結(jié)尾+sie→y,+ing+d不規(guī)則變化have→has；be→is(無)(見不規(guī)則動詞變化表)

注意：①在加ing或ed時動詞如果以“r”結(jié)尾,尾音節(jié)又重讀的動詞,“r”應(yīng)雙寫。

②s/es的讀音規(guī)則：在清輔音后讀[s]；在濁輔音后和元音后讀[z]；在[ s ]、[ F]、[z]、[tF]、[dV]后讀[iz].

③ed的讀音規(guī)則：在清輔音后讀[t]；在濁輔音后和元音后讀[d]；在[t]、[d]后讀[id].

(2)不規(guī)則動詞變化表：( 原形 → 過去式 → 過去分詞)

be(am,is)wasbeenloselostlostbe(are)werebeenmakemademadebeatbeatbeatenmaymightbecomebecamebecomemeanmeantmeantbeginbeganbegunmeetmetmetblowblewblownmistakemistookmistakenbreakbrokebrokenmustmustbringbroughtbroughtpaypaidpaidbuildbuiltbuiltputputputbuyboughtboughtreadreadReadcancouldrideroderiddencatchcaughtcaughtringrangrungchoosechosechosenriseroserisencomecamecomerunranruncostcostcostsaysaidsaidcutcutcutseesawseendigdugdugsellsoldsolddodiddonesendsentsentdrawdrewdrawnsetsetsetdrinkdrankdrunkshallshoulddrivedrovedrivenshineshoneshoneeatateeatenshowshowedshownfallfellfallenshutshutshutfeelfeltfeltsingsangsungfindfoundfoundsinksank/sunksunk/sunkenflyflewflownsitsetsetforgetforgotforgot/forgottensleepsleptsleptfreezefrozefrozensmellsmeltsmeltgetgotgotspeakspokespokengivegavegivenspendspentspentgowentgonespillspiltspiltgrowgrewgrownspoilspoiltspoilthanghung/hangedhung/hangedstandstoodstoodhave(has)hadhadsweepsweptswepthearheardheardswimswamswumhidehidhiddentaketooktakenhithithitteachtaughttaughtholdheldheldtelltoldtoldhurthurthurtthinkthoughtthoughtkeepkeptkeptthrowthrewthrownknowknewknownunderstandunderstoodunderstoodlaylaidlaidwakewoke/wakedwoken/wakedlearnlearnt/learnedlearnt/learnedwearworewornleaveleftleftwillwouldlendlentlentwinwonwonletletletwritewrotewittenlielaylain

3、be(“是/存在”)動詞的各種時態(tài)變化：

一 般 現(xiàn) 在 時一 般 將 來 時現(xiàn) 在 完 成 時I am….

You are.…

He/She/It is….

We/You/They are….(I等各人稱) will be….

I am

He/She/It is going to be…

We/You/They areI have been….

You have been….

She/he/It has been….

We/You/They have been….一 般 過 去 時過 去 將 來 時過 去 完 成 時I was….

You were.…

He/She/It was….

We/You/They were….(I等各人稱) would be….

I was

He/She/It was going to be…

We/You/They wereI had been….

You had been….

She/he/It had been….

We/You/They had been….

注意：句型變化時,

否定句在am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 后面加not,而且not都可以縮寫為n’t (am后面not不可以縮寫)；

疑問句將am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 提前到句首。

4、其它謂語動詞(主動語態(tài))的時態(tài)變化一覽表：

現(xiàn)在

時態(tài)一 般 現(xiàn) 在 時現(xiàn) 在 進 行 時一 般 將 來 時現(xiàn) 在 完 成 時謂語動詞構(gòu)成動詞用原形(單三加s / es)

(問句和否定句借用助詞do / does)am

is +動詞-ing

arewill + 動詞原形

am

is

+going to+動詞原形

arehave +過去分詞

has過去

時態(tài)一 般 過 去 時過 去 進 行 時過 去 將 來 時過 去 完 成 時謂語動詞構(gòu)成動詞用過去式

(問句和否定句借用助詞did)was

+動詞-ing

werewould + 動詞原形

was

+going to+動詞原形

werehad +過去分詞

5、八種時態(tài)的具體用法：

(1) 一般現(xiàn)在時 表示現(xiàn)階段經(jīng)常或習(xí)慣發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),或說明主語的特征。

①　一般現(xiàn)在時句子中常有的時間狀語：often,usually,sometimes,always,every (day等), once/twice,a (week等), on (Sunday等),never,in the (morning等)。如：They go to the Palace Museum once a year.(他們每年去一次故宮)/ They often discuss business in the evening.(他們經(jīng)常在晚上商談生意)

②　表示客觀真理、事實、人的技能或現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)時句子里一般不用時間狀語。如：The earth turns round the sun.(地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn))/ Light travels faster than sound.(光傳播比聲音快)

③ 表示十分確定會發(fā)生(如安排好的事情)或按照時間表進行的事情,用一般現(xiàn)在可以表達將來,句子中可以有將來時間。如：The train for Haikou leaves at 8：00 in the morning.(開往漢口的列車上午8點開車)

④ 在時間狀語從句中(以when, after, before, while, until, as soon as等引導(dǎo))和條件狀語從句中(以if,unless引導(dǎo)),用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時,句子可以有將來時間。如：Please ring me up as soon as you arrive in Germany.(你一到德國就給我打電話) / If it rains tomorrow,we will have to stay at home.(如果明天下雨我們就只好呆在家)

⑤ 一般現(xiàn)在時用于倒裝句中可以表示正在發(fā)生的動作,動詞以come, go為主。如：Here comes the bus. (車來了) / There goes the bell.(鈴響了)。

⑥ 一般現(xiàn)在時常用于體育比賽的解說或寓言故事中。Now the midfield player catches the ball and he keeps it.

⑦ 人的心理活動和感官動作一般用一般現(xiàn)在時而不用現(xiàn)在進行時表達,常見動詞有：like, love, hate, dislike, want, wish, hope, think(認(rèn)為),understand, remember, forget, mean, need, hear, feel, see. 如：I think it is going to snow.(我想天要下雪了)/ I really hope you can enjoy your stay here.(我真的希望你愉快地呆在這兒)

(2) 一般過去時 表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài),這種動作或狀態(tài)可能是一次性,也可能經(jīng)常

發(fā)生。

①　表示過去具體時刻發(fā)生的一次性動作時,時間狀語有：at (eight) (yesterday morning),(ten minutes) ago, when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。如：I got up at 6：00 this morning.(我是早上六點鐘起床的)/ Little Tom broke the window at half past nine this morning.(小湯姆今天早上九點半把窗子打破了)/ When he went into the room,he saw a stranger talking with his father.(他走進房間時發(fā)現(xiàn)一個陌生人正和他父親談話)

②　表示過去一段時間內(nèi)不知何時發(fā)生的一次性動作時,時間狀語有：yesterday, last (year等), in (1998 等)。如：He came to our city in the year 2000.(他2000年來到我們市)

③　表示過去一個階段中經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情時,時間狀語有：last…, in…, from…to…, for(10 years),often,usually, sometimes, always, never等。如：Mr Jackson usually went to evening schools when he was young. / Every day he went to the rich man and borrowed books from him.

④　講故事、對過去經(jīng)歷的回憶、雙方都明白的過去事件等一般用過去時,而且經(jīng)常省略時間狀語。如：I happened to meet Rose in the street.(我正好在街上遇到露西)

(3) 一般將來時 表示將來某一時刻或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)。

①一般將來時的時間狀語有：tomorrow,this (afternoon),next (year),one day,now,soon,

someday,sometime, in the future, when引導(dǎo)的從句等。

②　用will構(gòu)成的將來時,表示動作與人的主觀愿望無關(guān)?！皊hall”用于第一人稱,“will”

用于所有人稱。如：I will graduate from this school soon.(我很快就要從這所中學(xué)畢業(yè)了)/ You will stay alone after I leave.(我走了之后你就要一個人過了)

③　“am/is/are going to+動詞原形”表示打算或準(zhǔn)備要做的事情,或者主觀判斷即將要發(fā)生的事情,而“am/is/are to +動詞原形”表示安排或計劃中的動作。如：A man told them that the woman was to give birth to the special baby.(有一個人告訴他們那個婦女就會生下那個特別的男孩)/ It’s going to rain soon.(天快要下雨了)

④　表示一個人臨時決定要做某事,可以用will表達。如：I will go to the lab to get some

chemicals(化學(xué)藥劑). So please wait until I return.(我要到化學(xué)實驗室去取些藥品,請等我回頭)

⑤　現(xiàn)在進行時、一般現(xiàn)在時也可以表示將來。(見相應(yīng)時態(tài))

⑥　shall和will 在口語的一些疑問句中相當(dāng)于情態(tài)動詞。Shall一般與第一人稱連用,will與第二人稱連用。如：Shall we go to the zoo next Saturday?(我們下周六去動物園好嗎？)/ Will you please open the door for me?(替我把門打開好嗎？)

⑦ “be to +動詞原形”表示按照計劃將要發(fā)生的事情。如：An angel came to tell her that she was to have this special boy.

(4)現(xiàn)在進行時 現(xiàn)在進行時表示現(xiàn)在正在進行的動作或是現(xiàn)階段正發(fā)生而此刻不一定在進行的動作。

① 現(xiàn)在進行時由“助動詞be (am is are ) +現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。

② 現(xiàn)在進行時的時間狀語有： now, this …, these…等,但經(jīng)常不用。如：What are you doing up in the tree?(你在樹上干什么？)/ I am writing a long novel these days.(我最近在寫一本長篇小說)

③ 表示即將發(fā)生的動作,一般指近期安排好的事情。常見的動詞有：come, go, stay, leave, spend, do等。如：I’m coming now.(我就來)/ What are you doing tomorrow?(你明天干什么？)/ He is leaving soon.(他就要走了)

④ 表示頻繁發(fā)生或反復(fù)進行的動作,常與always等頻度副詞連用,以表示贊揚、不滿或討厭等感情色彩。如：He is always borrowing money from me and forgetting all about it some time later.(他老是向我借錢,過一些時候就忘得一干二凈)

(5)過去進行時 過去進行時表示過去某一時刻或某階段正在進行的動作。

① 過去進行時由“was(第一、三人稱單數(shù))或were(第二人稱單數(shù)和各人稱的復(fù)數(shù))+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。

② 過去進行時的時間狀語有：then, at that time, this time yesterday, at (eight) yesterday (morning),(a year) ago, 以及由when引出的時間狀語從句。如：He was cooking supper this time yesterday.(昨天這個時候他正在做晚飯)/ The little girl was playing with her toy when I saw her.(我看到小女孩的時候她正在玩玩具)

③ 用于賓語從句或時間狀語從句中,表示與主句動作同時進行而且是延續(xù)時間較長。句子中通常不用時間狀語。如：She was it happen when she was walking past.(她路過時看到事情的發(fā)生)/ They sang a lot of songs while they were walking in the dark forest.(他們在黑暗的森林里走時唱了很多歌)

④ 也可以表示過去一個階段頻繁發(fā)生或反復(fù)進行的動作,常與always等頻度副詞連用,以表示贊揚、不滿或討厭等感情色彩。如：He was always borrowing money from me when he lived here.(他住在這里時老向我借錢)

(6)現(xiàn)在完成時 現(xiàn)在完成時表示一個發(fā)生在過去的、對現(xiàn)在仍有影響的動作,或表示開始在過去,并且一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,甚至還可能延續(xù)下去的動作。

①在完成時由“助動詞have (has)+動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。

②表示發(fā)生在過去的對現(xiàn)在仍有影響的動作時,時間狀語有：already, yet, just, once, twice,ever, never,three times, before等。如：I have never seen such fine pictures before. (我以前從來沒有看過這么好的畫)/ He has just gone to England.(他剛?cè)ビ?

③表示在過去開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(可能延續(xù)下去)的動作或狀態(tài)時,時間狀語有：for (two years),since 1990, since (two weeks ago)和since引導(dǎo)的狀語從句。如：I have been away from my hometown for thirty years.(我離開家鄉(xiāng)有30年了)/ Uncle Wang has worked in the factory since it opened.(自從這家工廠開張,王叔叔一直在那兒工作)

④口語中have got往往表示have(有)的意思。如：They have got thousands of books in their library.(他們圖書館有上萬本書)

⑤have been to與have gone to的區(qū)別：have gone to(“已經(jīng)去了”)表示人不在這里,have been to(“去過”)表示人在這里。如：--Where is Mr Li? –He has gone to the UK.(李先生在哪里？他去了英國。)/ --Do you know something about Beijing? –Yes,I have been to Beijing three times. (你知道北京的情況嗎？是的,我去過那里三次。)

⑥在完成時中,一個瞬間性動詞(一次性動作)不能與表示一段時間的狀語連用,此時須將該瞬間動詞改為延續(xù)性動詞或狀態(tài)動詞。具體變化見下表：

瞬間性動詞的完成時→延續(xù)性動詞或狀態(tài)動詞的完成時have(already)gone

to…h(huán)avebeen

in / at …for

(two years)hascome

to…h(huán)asbeen

heresince

(1990)(had)left…(had)been

away from…arrived…been

in…diedbeen

deadbegunbeen

onendedbeen

overbought...had…borrowed…kept…joined…been

in …

或者使用下面這個句型：

It is / has been + (多久)+

since + 主語(人)+謂語(過去時)+……+過去時間狀語

[注意] 在其它的時態(tài)中也存在類似問題,記住,關(guān)鍵是：瞬間動詞不能和表達一段時間的狀語連用。如：How long may I keep the book?(這本書我能借多久？)(句子中keep取代了borrow)

(7) 過去完成時 過去完成時表示過去某一時間或某一動作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)完成的動作。簡言之, 過去完成時所表示的時間是“過去的過去”。

①過去完成時由“助動詞had+動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。

②過去完成時時間狀語有：by (yesterday), by then, by the end of (last…)或者由when,before等引出狀語從句。有時句子中會有already, just, once, ever, never等詞語,也會有for… 或since…構(gòu)成的時間狀語。如：They had already finished cleaning the classroom when their teacher came.(當(dāng)老師來的時候他們已經(jīng)打掃完了教室)/ The woman had left before he realized she was a cheat.(在他發(fā)覺那個婦女是個騙子時她已經(jīng)走掉了)

③過去完成時常用于賓語從句中、after引導(dǎo)的從句中,或者從句是before引導(dǎo)的主句中。如：After I had put on my shoes and hat,I walked into the darkness.(我穿上鞋子戴上帽子走進了黑暗之中)/ He said that he had never seen a kangaroo before.(他說他以前從來沒有見過袋鼠)

(8) 過去將來時 過去將來時表示在過去預(yù)計將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。

①過去將來時由“助動詞should(第一人稱)或would(第二、三人稱)+動詞原形”構(gòu)成。在美國英語中,過去將來時的助動詞一律用“would +動詞原形”。

②過去將來時常由于賓語從句中,時間狀語有：later, soon, the next (day).

③在時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中不可以使用過去將來時,而應(yīng)該使用一般過去時。如：He promised that he would pay me a lot if I helped him with the project.(他答應(yīng)付給我許多錢如果我?guī)椭隳莻€項目)/ Every time when he was free,he would sit down and read some books.(每次只要他有空他就會坐下來看看書)

④表示純粹的將來時用would或should,表示打算或主觀認(rèn)為的事情用was/were going to (+動詞原形)。如：She told me she would be 18 the next month.(她告訴我她下個月就18歲了)/ She told me that she was going to have a walk with her pet dog.(她告訴我她打算帶她的寵物狗去散步)

⑤過去將來時還可以表示一個過去經(jīng)常性的動作。如：When it rained in the day, he would bring an umbrella with him.(白天下雨時他會隨身帶一把雨傘)

(9)現(xiàn)在完成進行時：現(xiàn)在完成進行時指一個從過去就開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并由可能繼續(xù)下去的動作,它具有現(xiàn)在完成時和現(xiàn)在進行時雙重特征,結(jié)構(gòu)是：“have/has + been +動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞”。如：I have been swimming in the cold water for about two hours.(我已經(jīng)在冰冷的水里游了將近兩個小時)/ How long have you been waiting here?(你在這里一直等了多久？)

6、被動語態(tài)：

(1)被動語態(tài)定義：被動語態(tài)是動詞的一種特殊形式,用來說明主語與謂語動詞之間的關(guān)系。如果主語是 動作的執(zhí)行者(即某人做某事),便叫主動語態(tài)；如果主語是動作的承受者(即某事被做),便叫被動語態(tài)。主動與被動的區(qū)別不是詞序的區(qū)別,而是主語與謂語意義上的區(qū)別。在英語中只有及物動詞和一些相當(dāng)于及物動詞的詞組才有被動語態(tài)的形式。

(2)英語中被動語態(tài)由“助動詞be +動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。助動詞be有時態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化。被動語態(tài)后的by短語有時可省去。具體結(jié)構(gòu)見下表：

現(xiàn)在時態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時現(xiàn)在進行時一 般 將 來 時現(xiàn)在完成時謂語動詞構(gòu) 成am

is +p.p.

aream

is +being+p.p.

arewill + be+p.p.

am

is +going to+ be + p.p.

arehave(has) +been+p.p.過去時態(tài)一般過去時過 去 進 行 時過 去 將 來 時過去完成時謂語動詞構(gòu) 成was +p.p.

werewas

+being+p.p.

werewould +be+p.p.

was

+going to+be+p.p.

werehad +been+p.p.

[注] p.p.表示過去分詞。

(1) 被動語態(tài)的用法：

① 不知道誰是動作的執(zhí)行者(即不知道誰做)時用被動語態(tài),省略by短語。如：A man was killed in the accident.(一個人死于事故)/ This window was broken yesterday.(這扇窗子是昨天被打破的)

②不說或者眾所周知是誰做時,用被動語態(tài),省略by短語。如：Rice is also grown in this place.(這個地方也種水稻)/ A railroad will be built here in three years.(三年之后這里將要修建一條鐵路)

③強調(diào)動作的承受者,句尾加by短語。如：It was written by Lu Xun.(它(書)是魯迅寫的)/ A pet dog is never killed by its owner.(寵物狗是不會被主人宰殺的)

(2) 主動語態(tài)如何改寫為被動語態(tài)：

主動句： 主語(人/物) + 謂語(及物動詞) + 賓語(人/物) + 其他 + 狀語

(動作的執(zhí)行者) (各種時態(tài)形式) (動作的承受者)

被動句： 主語(人/物) + 謂語(及物動詞) + by +人 / 物 + 其他 + 狀語

(動作的承受者) (be +過去分詞) (動作的執(zhí)行者)

(3) 注意點：

①“動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語”改為被動時,可以用間接賓語做被動句的主語。如：

His teacher gave him a dictionary.→He was given a dictionary by his teacher.(老師給他一本字典→他得到老師一本字典)

也可以用直接賓語做被動句的主語,但是需用to或者for引出原句的間接賓語。如：His teacher gave him a dictionary.→A dictionary was given to him by his teacher.(老師給他一本字典→一本字典由老師送給了他)/His father made him a kite.→A kite was made for him by his father.(他的父親給他做了一個風(fēng)箏→一個風(fēng)箏由他的父親做給了他)

②“動詞+賓語+動詞原形”改為被動時,動詞原形前要加to.如：The boss made the poor man work 12 hours a day.→The poor man was made to work 12 hours a day.(老板讓這個可憐的人一天工作12小時→這個可憐人被迫一天工作12小時)

③“動詞+…+介詞”改為被動時,介詞一般在原位不動。如：The girl takes good care of her little brother.→The girl’s little brother is taken good care of by her.(女孩照顧小弟弟→女孩的小弟弟由她照顧著)

④“be+過去分詞”未必表示被動語態(tài),而可能是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

He is pleased / worried / tired /…….(系表)(他高興/焦慮/疲勞……)

He was hit / knocked down / told / shot / …….(被動)(他被擊中/撞倒/關(guān)照/射中……)

7、動詞的非謂語形式：動詞不做謂語時的固定形式。

(1)動詞的非謂語形式包括動詞不定式、動名詞和分詞三種形式；其中分詞又包含現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩種形式。它們在句子中不能單獨作謂語。

(2)動詞不定式：

① 形式：動詞不定式基本形式由“不定式記號to+動詞原形”構(gòu)成。它的否定形式只要在“to” 前面加上“not”。它的疑問形式是：“wh-疑問詞+to+動詞原形”。*它的被動形式：“to be +過去分詞”。*它的完成形式：“to have +過去分詞”。

② 動詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征,即可以在句子中作主語、賓語、定語、狀語、表語和賓語補足語。但不定式也保留動詞的某些特征,即不定式后面可以跟賓語、表語和狀語。動詞不定式加上相關(guān)成分就構(gòu)成不定式短語。

③ 動詞不定式可以放在謂語前句子作主語。但是通常將作主語的動詞不定式或不定式短語放在謂語后面,而在主語位置用“it”作形式主語(有時在不定式的前面還會用for sb.表示不定式的邏輯主語)。如：To help animals is helping people.(幫助動物就是幫助人)/ It is very difficult (for us) to learn Chinese well.((對于我們而言)學(xué)好漢語是非常的困難)/ It took me half an hour to work out this problem.(解出這道題花了我一個小時的時間)

④ 動詞不定式可以作謂語動詞(及物動詞)的賓語。

[A] 及物動詞+不定式一般形式：

謂語動詞(vt.)+不定式

(作賓語)[說 明]want(想)

/ try(試圖) / decide(決定) / would like(想要) / hope(希望) / love(喜愛) / learn(學(xué)會) / afford(提供) / agree(同意) / fail(失敗、未能) / mean(意味著) / prefer(寧愿) / wish(希望)+ to (do)(無)help(幫助)to可以省略begin(開始)/

start(開始)/hate(憎恨)也可跟動名詞,意義變化不大forget(忘記)

/ remember(記得)/ like(總愛)也可跟動名詞,意義變化較大

如：I would like to have a rest at the moment.(我現(xiàn)在想休息一下)/ They began to search the room for the thief.(他們開始在屋子里搜尋小偷)/ He liked to have a swim in the pool near his house.(他喜愛在靠家的水塘里面游泳)/ When did you learn to speak English?(你什么時候開始學(xué)英語的？)/ Don’t forget to close the door when you leave.(你離開時別忘了關(guān)門

[比較] He forgot to turn off the light.(他忘了關(guān)燈.) (沒關(guān))/ He forgot turning off the light.(他忘記關(guān)過燈.)(關(guān)了) / Please remember to ring me up.(記得給我打電話.)(還沒打電話) / I remember calling you yesterday but you forgot.(我記得昨天給你打電話了,但是你忘記了.)(打過電話)

[B] 及物動詞+疑問詞+不定式：

謂語動詞(vt.)+wh-疑問詞+不定式 (作賓語)[說明]tell (告訴)

/ show (顯示)

/ know (知道)

/ ask (問)

/ find out (發(fā)現(xiàn))

/ understand (明白)

/ wonder(疑惑)

/ learn(學(xué)會)

/ forget(忘記)

/ remember(記得)

/ teach sb.(教某人)

/ discuss(商討)what

where

+ how + to (do)

who

which

……不定式疑問形式還可以作句子的主語、表語等。

如：He does not know which one to take.(他不知道該選哪個)/ Tell me how to get to the station.(告訴我怎么樣去火車站)/ She asked me what to do for today’s homework.(她問我今天家庭作業(yè)做什么)/ Can you teach me how to search the internet?(你能教我怎樣上網(wǎng)嗎？)

[C] 不定式作賓語而后面又有賓語補足語時,通常用it代替作形式賓語,而不定式則后置。如： I found it not very easy to learn to ride a bike.(我發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)騎車不很容易)

⑤ 動詞不定式可以在句子中用作定語,放在名詞或代詞后面。

[A] 記住下面的一些結(jié)構(gòu)：

被修飾部分 + 不定式(作后置定語)漢 語 意 思a keyto lock the door鎖門的鑰匙a boxto hold these things裝這些東西的箱子give her a bookto read給她一本書讀Is there any (+名詞/代詞)to (do)?有…要(做的)嗎?It’s timeto go.是走的時間了。/ 該走了。Do you have any workto do?你有工作要做嗎?I’d like somethingto eat.我要點兒吃的。I have nothingto say.我沒有話要說。Would you like somethingto drink?你要點兒喝的嗎？

[B] 在這種情況下,如果不定式動詞是不及物動詞,則后面必須加介詞。如：

They could not find a place to live in.(他們找不到住的地方)/ Please give me a chair to sit on.(請給我一張椅子坐坐)/ He has got a writing brush to write with.((他找到了寫字的毛筆)

⑥ 動詞不定式可以在句子中用作狀語,有下列幾種情況：

[A] 放在不及物動詞(come, go, stop, finish, wait等詞)的后面。如：He came to see her yesterday.(他昨天來看望她)(表示來的目的)/ I stopped to have a rest.(我停下來休息一會兒)(表示停下來的目的)

[B] 放在完整的謂語之后(即“謂語+賓語”、“謂語+賓語+補語”、“動詞+表語”之后)。如：We cleaned the room to let him play in it.(我們打掃了房間以便讓他在里面玩)/ I opened the window to see more clearly.(我打開窗子以便看得更清楚點兒)

[C] 有時表示目的的不定式短語可以放在句首。如：To arrive there on time,I got up one hour earlier than usual.(為了按時到達,我們比平時早起了一個小時)(表示早起的目的)

[注意] stop to do 與stop doing的不同。如：They stopped to have a look.(他們停下來看看)(不定式作“停下來”的目的狀語)/ They stopped looking out of the window and began to listen to the teahcher.(他們停止向窗外望,開始聽老師講課)(動名詞作賓語,表示“停止”的內(nèi)容)

⑦ 動詞不定式可以在句子中用作表語,限用于連系動詞之后。如：My job is to keep the goal.(我的工作就是守住球門)

⑧ 動詞不定式可以在句子中用作復(fù)合賓語中的賓語補足語。

謂 語 動 詞(vt.)+ 賓語 (人 / 物)+不定式

(作賓語補足語)ask(請)

/ tell(關(guān)照)

/ teach(教)

/ want(想要)

/ would like(想要)

/ get(讓)

/ help(幫) / invite(邀請) / like(喜歡) / warn(警告) /+sb. / sth.+to (do)make(使得)

/ let(讓) / hear(聽) / see(看) / feel(感覺) / watch(觀看)/ have(使得) / help(幫助)+sb. / sth.+ (do)

如：Mum asked me to help her with the cooking.(媽媽叫我?guī)椭鲲?/ I would like you to see my parents.(我想要你見見我的父母)/ The boss often made the workers work 14 hours a day.(老板常讓工人們一天工作14小時)/ Now let me hear you play the violin.(現(xiàn)在讓我來聽你拉小提琴)

[注意] help之后做賓補的不定式符號to可以省略；hear / see / feel / watch之后的賓補用不定式與現(xiàn)在分詞時,含義不同,需特別注意,(參見現(xiàn)在分詞部分)。試比較：

I heard her crying when I walked past.(我路過時聽到她正在哭)(指當(dāng)時瞬間的情況)

I sat near her and heard her sing the new song.(我坐在她附近聽她唱新歌)(指整個過程)

(3)動名詞

① 動名詞由動詞原形加詞尾“ing”構(gòu)成。動名詞有動詞的特征,可以跟賓語,可以被狀語修飾；它也有名詞的特征,在句子中可以作主語、賓語(包括介詞賓語)等。動名詞加相關(guān)詞語(賓語或狀語等)構(gòu)成動名詞短語。

② 動名詞可以作主語。一般可用it作形式主語而將動名詞短語后移。如：Learning English all by yourself is not so easy.(自學(xué)好英語不那么容易)(=It is not so easy learning English all by yourself.)

③ 動名詞可以作賓語。

[A] want / need之后用動名詞時,含有被動意思。如：Your car needs reparing badly.(你的車急需修理。)(被修)My hair needs cutting.(我要理發(fā)。)(頭發(fā)被理)

[B] remember / forge / stop / finish之后用動名詞時,與用不定式含義不同。如：I forgot to write a letter to him.(我忘了給他寫封信)(根本沒寫) / I forgot writing a letter to him.(我忘了給他寫過信)(寫了卻忘了) / They stopped to look back.(他們停下來向后看)(停下的目的是向后看) / They stopped looking back.(他們停止向后看)(不向后看了)

[C] enjoy / mind / keep / hate/ go等詞一般用動名詞作賓語。如：Do you mind my closing the door?(把門關(guān)上你介意嗎？)/ She hates travelling by air.(她討厭坐飛機旅行)/ They went swimming every afternoon.(他們每天下午去游泳)/ I enjoy walking around the town.(我喜歡在鎮(zhèn)上轉(zhuǎn)悠)

[D] like / love / start / begin / learn后面用動名詞時,與用不定式意思相近或相同。如：We began to study English when we were at primary school.(我們在小學(xué)時就開始學(xué)英語了) / We began studying English when we were at primary school. (我們在小學(xué)時就開始學(xué)英語了)

④ 動名詞可以作表語,此時特別注意不要與現(xiàn)在進行時混淆。如：My job is putting these parts together.(我的事情是把這些部件拼起來) / I am putting these parts together.(我正在把這些部件拼起來)

⑤ 動名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成相同,但是含義不同,動名詞主要表示事情,而現(xiàn)在分詞則主要表示進行著的動作。如：Eating too much is not good for your health. (動名詞短語,作主語) / Seeing is believing.(動名詞短語,分別作主語和表語) / He ran after a moving bus and got onto it.(現(xiàn)在分詞,作定語) / His father saw him sitting on some eggs.(現(xiàn)在分詞,作賓補)

(4)分詞： 包含現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。(高中學(xué)習(xí)重點)

① 主要區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在分詞一般有主動的意思或表示動作正在進行的意思；過去分詞有被動或動 作已經(jīng)完成的意思。分詞可以有自己的賓語或狀語。

② 分詞或分詞短語在句子中作定語、狀語和復(fù)合賓語等。

[A] 作定語：分詞作定語時,一般要放在修飾的名詞之前,分詞短語作定語時,則要放在所修飾的名詞之后。 如：I have got a running nose.(我流鼻涕) / The woman running after the thief shouted very loudly,“Stop the thief!”(跟著小偷追的婦女大喊：捉小偷！) / Yesterday I met a man called Mr. Black.(昨天我遇見了一個名叫布萊克先生的人)/ He only gave me a broken glass,so I was very angry with him.(他只給了我一個壞玻璃杯,所以我很生他的氣)

[B] 現(xiàn)在分詞可以作下列動詞的賓語補足語。(參考不定式作賓語補足語)

謂語動詞(vt.)賓語賓語補足語keep(保持)

/ see(看到) /

hear(聽到)

/ watch(注意到)

/ feel(感覺到)sb./sth.(do)ing

如：Mum kept me working all the week.(媽媽讓我一個星期都在工作)/ When I entered the room,I saw Jack eating a big pear.(我進入房間時看到杰克正在吃一只大梨子)/ In the dark I felt something very cold moving on my foot.(黑暗之中我感到有個冷的東西在我的腳上移動)

[C] 現(xiàn)在分詞可以作狀語,表示伴隨情況。如：She came into the classroom,holding a pile of papers in her hand.(他走進教室,手上抓著一沓紙)/ I am very busy these days getting ready for the coming oral test.(這些日子我正忙著準(zhǔn)備即將來到的口語考試)

[D] 過去分詞可以作表語,放在連系動詞后面,但要注意不要與被動語態(tài)混淆,“主系表”主要表示狀態(tài),而被動語態(tài)則表示動作。常用過去分詞作表語的結(jié)構(gòu)有：be worried (焦慮) / be pleased (高興) / be tired (疲勞) / get dressed (打扮好) / get lost (迷路) / get caught (遭遇) / beome frustrated (沮喪) / become intereted in (對…感興趣)等等。例略。

[E] 過去分詞可以作賓語補足語。如：I had my hair cut this morning.(今天早上我讓人給我理了發(fā))(注意：have sth. done表示動作由別人來做,而have done sth.則為現(xiàn)在完成時的結(jié)構(gòu),兩個結(jié)構(gòu)不可以混淆)

8、動詞用法辨析：

(1)“Why not+動詞原形+…?”(干嘛不……?)是簡略句,完全形式是：Why don’t you +動詞原形+…?如：Why not go and have a look?(干嘛不去看看？)/ Why not try it once again?(為什么不再試試？)

(2) seem(好象)的用法：記住幾個結(jié)構(gòu)：①sb./sth. + seem + (to be+)形容詞+…；②sb./sth. + seem + like +…；③sb/sth + seem + to (do)；④It seems that + 從句。如：He seemed (to be) very happy when he was called by the headmaster. (被校長叫到名字時他好象很開心) / It seems that nobody else could do such a foolish thing except Jim. (除了吉姆好象沒有什么人會做出如此愚蠢的事情來)

(3) be afraid(害怕)的用法：記住幾個結(jié)構(gòu)：①be afraid of sth; be afraid of (doing); ②be afraid to (do); ③be afraid that+從句。如：She is a little afraid of snakes.(她有點怕蛇)/ Don’t be so afraid to stay at home alone at night.(別害怕晚上一個人在家)/ I’m afraid that somebody will take his place because of his serious mistakes.(恐怕有人要取代他了,因為他犯了那么大的錯誤)

(4) be sorry(抱歉)的用法：記住幾個結(jié)構(gòu)：①be sorry for (sth); ②be sorry for (doing sth); ③be sorry to (do); ④be sorry that+從句。如：I am very sorry for keeping you waiting so long.(不好意思讓你久等了)I am sorry to trouble you.(對不起,麻煩你了)/ I am sorry (that) he isn’t here at the moment.(恐怕他現(xiàn)在不在)

(5) be sure (確信)的用法：記住幾個結(jié)構(gòu)： ①be sure of (sth); ②be sure to(do); ③be sure that+從句。如：She told me many times that she was sure to come.(她給我講過多次她一定會來的) / Are you sure of your answer?Maybe it’s wrong.(你對你的答案有把握嗎？也許是錯的。)/ I am sure that Dad will help me with the job.(我確信爸爸會幫著我做這件事情的)

(6) make 與do的用法：一般情況下表示進行活動或者做工作用do,表示創(chuàng)造建構(gòu)某事物用make. 如：I don’t know what to do.(我不知道該干什么)/ I’m not going to do any work.(我不準(zhǔn)備做什么)/ My father and I once made a boat.(我和我爸曾經(jīng)做過一只船)

此外還要記住一些固定說法：do good / harm / business / one’s best / a favour……

make a decision / an effort / a mistake / a noise / a phone call / money / war / the bed / sure,...

(7)put on、wear、have…on、be in、try on、dress的用法：put on強調(diào)“穿、戴”這個動作過程,wear則表示“穿著、戴著”這一狀態(tài),have+衣物+on主要表示狀態(tài),be in(+顏色/衣物)也是表示一個狀況,dress(+人)表示“給…人穿衣”。如：Please put on your new shoes.(請穿上你的新鞋)/ The twins are wearing the same clothes.(雙胞胎穿著相同的衣服)/ Today she has an overcoat on.(今天她穿著一件大衣) / Do you know the woman who is in black?(你認(rèn)識那個身穿黑衣的女人嗎？)/ Dad is dressing Tom now.(爹正在給湯姆穿衣)

[注意]dress與wear或put on的區(qū)別：wear或put on常用衣物作賓語,而dress常用人作賓語。表示給自己穿衣時常用“get dressed”或“dress oneself”表達。be dressed in與wear基本同義。dress up意為“穿上盛裝、喬裝打扮”。如：Could you dress the baby for me?(你能替我給寶寶穿衣嗎？)/ He is eight but can’t dress himself.(他八歲了,還不會穿衣服)/ She was dressed in a red coat.(她穿著一件紅上衣)/ Do I have to dress up to go to Jim’s party?(我得穿上好衣服去參加吉姆的聚會嗎？)

(8)like、love與enjoy的用法：三個詞都含有“喜歡”的意思,但是,like和enjoy后面跟動名詞,love 后面一般跟動詞不定式。like后面有時跟動詞不定式,表示一種習(xí)慣或嗜好(往往與具體的時間或地點有關(guān))。enjoy后面還可以加名詞、反身代詞,表示“享受…樂趣；玩得開心”。如：Do you like shopping?(你喜歡購物嗎？)/ He likes to have a swim when he gets home every afternoon.(每天下午放學(xué)后他總愛游個泳)/ They love to sing foreign songs.(他們喜愛唱外國歌曲)/ Did you enjoy yourself at the party?(在聚會上你玩得開心嗎？)/ He enjoys living in China.(他喜歡在中國生活)

(9)study、learn的用法： study主要表示“學(xué)習(xí)、研究”,指過程；而learn主要表示“學(xué)會”,指結(jié)果。表示“學(xué)”時可以互換。如：How many subjects do you study?(你學(xué)多少門課程？) / Have you learned it yet?(這個你學(xué)過了嗎？)/ How long have you studied/learned English?(你學(xué)英語多久了？)

learn還可以表示“聽說”,如：He learned the musician himself was in town.(他聽說音樂家本人就在城里)

(10)think、want、would like的用法：三個詞都含有“想”的意思,但think指“思考、考慮”,want指“想要、愿望、企圖”,would like指“想要”,think后面一般跟介詞短語或從句,want和would like后面跟名詞或動詞不定式。如：Do you think that China will become a developed country in 40 years? (你認(rèn)為中國會在40年后成為發(fā)達國家嗎？)/ I am thinking of the money I once lent to Li Min.((我正在想著以前借給黎敏的錢)/ What do you really want to say?(你到底想干什么？)/ Which of these cakes would you like (to have)?(這些餅子中你想吃哪些？)

(11)look for、search…for、find、find out的用法：前面兩個詞語表示動作過程,后面兩個表示結(jié)果,look for指“尋找”不見的或丟失的東西,但還沒有找到；search…for…指“為找…而搜尋…”；find指“找到”了東西；find out主要指“查明一個事實真相”。如：Hey, Monkey, what are you looking for in the cupboard?(嘿,猴兒！你在廚子里面找什么呢？)/ Have you found the lost key to your car?(你找著丟失的車鑰匙了嗎？)/ The soldiers were searching the room for the spy when they heard a loud noise.(士兵們正在房間里面搜尋間諜突然間他們聽到了衣聲巨響)/ Let’s try to find out who broke the window.(讓我們查查誰把窗子打破了)

[注解] find的幾個結(jié)構(gòu)：find sb. sth“為某人找到…”,find sth./sb. + adj./n.“發(fā)覺某人是…”,find it +adj. + to do…(或+賓語從句)“發(fā)現(xiàn)(做……)如何”。如： His mother found her daughter a very clever girl.(他的母親發(fā)現(xiàn)她的女兒是個聰明的女孩)(名詞作補語補足語) / You can easily find it not good for your health to eat cold food.(你很容易就會發(fā)現(xiàn)吃冷食對你的身體是不利的)

(12)listen to、hear的用法：兩個詞與聽覺有關(guān),listen to指“聽”這一過程,hear指“聽到”這一結(jié)果。如：Are you listening to me,Jim? Yes,I have heard your words.(吉姆,你在聽我說嗎？是的,你的話我全聽見了)

(13)look、see、watch、read的用法：四個詞均與眼睛有關(guān),look指放眼去“看”(不管是否看得到),指“看”的過程；see指“看見”這一結(jié)果,有時see還引申為“明白”,表示“看”時后面加“電影”等詞；watch指專注的看,含有“注視、監(jiān)視”之義,后面常跟“電視、比賽”等詞；read限制為看書面材料,譯為“看、閱讀”,后面跟“書、報紙、雜志”等詞。如：What are you looking at?(你在看什么？)/ Please look at the blackboard. (請看黑板)/ Let me go to see the film, mum, will you? (媽媽,讓我去看電影吧,好嗎？)/ He won’t feel well until he finishes watching the football match. (要看完了足球賽他才會感覺好些)/ Reading gives us knowledge.(閱讀給我們知識)

(14)hear、hear of、hear from、learn的用法： hear“聽說”,后面可以跟名詞、代詞、從句表示聽見的內(nèi)容,hear of“聽說”,后面跟人,指對某人有耳聞但沒有見過面；hear from“收到……的來信”,后面加人；learn“聽說、得知”,后面跟從句,含義與hear相似。如：I hear Mr Green is coming to see us tonight. (我聽說格林先生今晚要來看望我們)/ Have you ever heard of the man who once went to the Himalaya Mountains? (你是否聽說過那個去過喜馬拉雅山的人？)/ How often do you hear from your father? (隔多久你收到你父親的信？)/ He learned the musician himself was in town.(他聽說音樂家本人就在城里)

(15)speak、talk、say、tell的用法：四個詞與“說”有關(guān)。speak“講話、發(fā)言、演說”,是不及物動詞,涉及人時要加介詞to,speak作及物動詞時后面跟語言名稱；talk“談話、閑談”,是不及物動詞,涉及人時用介詞with、to等,涉及事情時后面跟介詞about等；say 是及物動詞,后面跟名詞、代詞、從句等,表示說的內(nèi)容；tell是及物動詞,后面首先要跟人,然后再跟從句或者介詞短語等。如：Do you speak English? (你講英語嗎？)/ Who spoke at the meeting? (誰在會上發(fā)了言？)/ Our teacher is talking to Lin Tao’s parent. (我們的老師正在跟林濤的家長講話)/ Can you say it in English? (你能用英語說出它嗎？)/ Please tell me something about the strange flying object. (請跟我講講那個奇怪的飛行物的事情吧)

(16)be able to(do)、can的用法：can是情態(tài)動詞,有許多含義,表示“可能、可以、會”等意思,只有現(xiàn)在式can和過去式could兩種形式；be able to表示能力上“會”,有多種時態(tài)形式,to后面跟動詞原形,有時可以與can/could互換。如：Can you speak English? (你會說英語嗎？)/ He couldn’t(wasn’t able to) swim when he was 12. (他十二歲時不會游泳)

(17)there be、have的用法：兩個詞都可以譯為“有”,但是,have表示的是“擁有”,主語必須是人或者物；there be表示“存在”的概念,主語在there be之后。如：How many brothers and sisters do you have? I have only one brother. (你有多少兄弟？我只有一個兄弟。)/ How many chairs and desks are there in their classroom? There is none. (他們教室里有多少張桌椅？一張也沒有。)

[注解]there be sb./sth doing與there be sb./sth to do 有所不同：用doing表示一個正在發(fā)生的事情,而用to do 則表示一個滯后或遲于there be的動作。如： Look! There is a dog lying on the stairway. / Take your time. There is nothing for you to do tonight.

(18)borrow、lend、keep的用法：表示“借”的三個詞,borrow“借進”、lend“出借”都是一次性動作,不可以和表示一段的時間狀語連用；keep“保存”用來表示借一段時間。如： I have lost the book I borrowed from my teacher. What can I do? (我丟掉了從老師那里借來的書)/ How long have you kept my dictionary,eh?For more than two months! (呃,我的字典你借了多久了？兩個多月了！)

(19)bring、take、carry、send、lift的用法：bring指從遠(yuǎn)處“拿來”；take指從面前“拿走”；carry指一般的搬運,不涉及方向；send主要指“送、派遣、寄”；lift指把東西由低向高“提起、拎起”。例略。

(20)hope、wish的用法：兩個詞都表示“希望”,但是,hope表達有把握或信心實現(xiàn)的事情,后面直接跟動詞不定式或者賓語從句,不可以跟動名詞或作賓語補足語的不定式；wish表達實現(xiàn)的可能性不大的事情,后面跟名詞、賓語從句(用過去時)或者作賓語補足語的不定式。如：We all hope to see him very soon. (我們?nèi)枷ＭM快見到他)/ I hope it will be fine tomorrow so that we can go out. (我希望明天天好,這樣我們就能出去了。)/ How I wish it was not raining at the moment!(我多么希望此刻不在下雨！)(事實上天正在下雨)

(21)take、spend、pay、cost的用法：

spend的賓語通常是金錢或時間,句型：sb.+(spend)+時間/金錢+on sth / (in) doing sth. ；

take的主語通常是事情,句型：sth./It + (take)+sb.+時間+to do… 。(如果是動作則常用it作形式主語將動詞不定式后移)；

cost的賓語通常是時間、金錢、力氣,句型：sth. +(cost)+sb.+時間/金錢/力氣. ；

pay的賓語通常是金錢,句型：sb.+(pay)+金錢+for+事物.

如：She spent the whole night reading the novel. (她花了一個晚上看那本小說)/ This job will take me two days.=It will take me two days to do the job. (做這件事情要花我兩天的時間)/ How much does a house like this cost? (像這樣的房子要花多少錢？)/ I paid him twenty dollars for the book.. (我花了20元從他那兒買了書)

(22)begin、start的用法：begin在大多數(shù)情況下可以替代start,(反義詞是end),后面接不定式或動名詞時區(qū)別不大,但是start還可以表示“開始、出發(fā)、啟動”,反義詞是stop；某事停止后再重新開始一般用start.如：When did you begin/start to learn English? (你什么時候開始學(xué)英語的？)/ They started getting in the crops after the rain stopped. (雨停后他們開始收割莊稼) / This time he could not start his car. (這次他沒法啟動他的汽車)

(23)arrive in/at、reach、get to的用法：arrive是不及物動詞,到達具體地點時后面加介詞at,到達一個大的地方(國家、城市)時后面加介詞in,arrive后面可以直接跟地點副詞here/there/home等；get表示“到達”時是不及物動詞,涉及地點(無論大小)時后面加to,get后面可以直接跟地點副詞here等；reach是及物動詞,后面直接跟地點名詞。如：He arrived in San Francisco last Sunday. (上個星期天他抵達舊金山)/ How did you get there in the night? (你是怎樣在夜間到達那里的？)/ We hurried all the way and reached the station just five minutes before the train left. (我們一路狂奔在火車啟動前5分鐘到達車站)

(24)be made of、be made from、be made into、be made in、be made by、be made for的區(qū)別：be made of指從制成品中可以看得出原材料,而be made from則指從制成品中看不出原材料,口語中都可以換成be made out of。 be made into表示“被制成……”,be made in表達被制造的地點,be made by表達制造的人,be made for表達被制造的目的。如：This kind of paper is made from bamboo. (這種紙是由竹子生產(chǎn)的)/ The desk is made of wood and metal. (桌子是鐵和木頭打的)/ A lot of paper has been made into paper birds. (許多紙被折疊成了小鳥)/ Computers are made in these cities. (計算機是在這幾個城市制造的)/ This kite was made by Uncle Wang. (這個風(fēng)箏是王叔叔做的)/ A big bag was made for me to hold my waste things.(一只大包做好了讓我裝廢物)

(25)be used for、be used to、used to、get used to的區(qū)別：be used for + 名詞/代詞或動名詞, be used to + 動詞原形,表示兩個短語意思相近,表示“用于…”。 used to + 動詞原形,表示“過去常?！?否定式可以是“didn’t use to”也可以是“usedn’t to”；get/be used to + 動名詞,表示“習(xí)慣于….”。如：A knife can be used for cutting things.(刀可以用來割東西)/ A knife can be used to cut things.(刀可以用來割東西)/ He used to borrow novels from the library when he was at school. (他上學(xué)時常常在圖書館借書)/ He is used to getting up early in the morning. (他習(xí)慣早起)

(26)beat,win與lose： beat (打敗),后面跟“人”,而win(贏得),后面跟“比賽、競賽”等。如：Who won at last? (最后誰贏了？)/ Class Three beat us 5-0. (三班以5∶0打敗了我們)/ I am sure to win the match. (我一定能贏得比賽)

而lose則表示“輸了”,常用句型：lose sth. to sb. 如：Unluckily we lost the match to Class Three. (不幸的是我們比賽輸給了三班)

(27)grow、plant、keep的區(qū)別：plant著重講“栽、種植”這個動作,grow則指種植以后的“栽培”、“管理”,而keep則主要指“喂養(yǎng)”、“贍養(yǎng)”一個人或者動物。如 ：He grew vegetables in his garden. (他在園子里種菜)/ I planted ten trees last year,but four of them died. (去年我栽了10棵樹,但是死了4棵)/ Old women enjoy keeping cats or dogs to kill the time. (老年的婦女喜歡養(yǎng)貓養(yǎng)狗打發(fā)時間)

(28)fall 、drop的區(qū)別：fall指東西由高處向下墜落,不及物動詞；也可以作連系動詞,意思是“變得,進入某種狀態(tài)”。drop表示物體由高處往低處落下,不及物動詞；或讓物體落向低處,及物動詞。如：The man fell off the tractor and hurt himself. (那個人從拖拉機上摔下來跌傷了)/ Soon after they touched the pillows they fell (系動詞) fast asleep. (他們頭挨枕頭不久就睡著了)/ He felt as if he had to drop maths.(他覺得似乎要放棄數(shù)學(xué))/ He dropped a letter into the mail-box.(他向郵箱里丟了一封信)

(29)join、join in、take part in的區(qū)別：join多指參加組織、團體、黨派等,后面跟人時表示和某人一起參加某項活動；join in指參加某項游戲或活動；take part in多指參加群眾性的活動、運動、會議等。如：He joined the army in 2001.(他2001年參軍)/ They joined me in congratulating you.(他們和我一起向你祝賀)/ Do join us in the game.(千萬參加我們的比賽) / He took an active part in the students’ movement in the 1940s.(在二十世紀(jì)40年代他積極參加學(xué)生運動)

(30)beat、hit、strike的用法區(qū)別：beat指“連續(xù)不斷地打擊；(心臟的)跳動”；hit指“一次性地撞擊、命中”；strike與hit基本同義,還可以理解為“劃(火柴)、給……深刻的印象”。如：The man looks dead,but his heart is still beating weakly. (那個人看上去死了可心臟還在微弱地跳動) / He hit the ball so hard that it flew over their heads and fell into the lake. (他踢球的勁太大球飛過他們的頭頂落入水中) / He went into the room and struck a match(火柴). (他走進房間劃著了一根火柴)

(31)carry on、carry out的區(qū)別：carry on表示“進行、繼續(xù)”；carry out表示“進行、貫徹、實現(xiàn)”。如：I will carry on the work. (我會繼續(xù)工作)/ I have some difficulties in carrying out his orders. (對于執(zhí)行他的命令我有問題)

(32)be amazed與be surprised的區(qū)別：be amazed“感到驚訝”,指人對某個不可能發(fā)生卻實際發(fā)生了的事情感到極其的訝異；be surprised“感到吃驚”指人對突發(fā)的事件感到驚訝。如：When he dived deep into the sea, he was amazed at the colours of all the beautiful coral reefs. (他深潛到海中時被所有美麗的珊瑚礁驚呆了) / He was very surprised when he heard a loud noise from inside the room. (聽到房間里傳出一個很大的聲音他非常地吃驚)

(33)warn的用法：“warn sb. of/about sth”意思是“針對…而警告某人”；“warn sb (not) to do sth”意思是“告戒某人(不)要做某事”；“warn sb. + that從句”意思是“警告某人說……”。如：They warned the passengers of thieves. (他警告路人小心竊賊) / I warn you that you will fail in the coming exams if you are still so lazy. (我警告你：如果你還這么懶在即將來到的考試中你會不及格的。) / He was warned not to go out in the late night. (他受到警告不要在深夜出去)

(34)think of與think about等短語的區(qū)別：think of表示“考慮、思念、認(rèn)為、想起、建議”等；“think about”表示“看待、認(rèn)為”；“think much /highly /a lot of”表示“高度評價…”；“think over”表示“仔細(xì)考慮”；“think out”表示“想出”。如：The headmaster thought highly of this boy. (校長高度地評價了這個男孩) / We’re thinking of going to France for our holiday. (我們在考慮去法國度假的事情) / Think it over and you will have a way. (仔細(xì)考慮就有辦法) / I cannot think of his name. I forgot it. (我想不起他的名字我忘了) / －What do you think about his composition? －Very good! (他的作文你覺得怎么樣？ 很好。)

(35)agree with/ agree to / agree on等詞語用法：“agree to+動詞”表示“同意做某事”,“agree with + sb./觀點”表示“贊同…的觀點”/ agree about表示“對…話題有相同看法”/“agree to +建議”表示“同意”某人的建議,“agree on + 決定”表示“贊成某人的決定”。例略。

(36)deserve(應(yīng)該,應(yīng)得)的用法：deserve后面可以加不定式,也可以加名詞。如：They had tried their best and they deserved to win. (他們盡力了該贏。) / The little boy always made troubles around and deserved beating. (小男孩總是處處惹麻煩活該被打) / The girl did a good deed and deserved praise. (女孩做了好事應(yīng)該受到表揚)